EARLY MAN IN SCOTLAND 143 



cists in the same cemetery, the cinerary urns in which the 

 ashes were customarily deposited lie outside the cists, and 

 in quite independent excavations in the soil, but in such 

 close proximity as to show that they belonged to the same 

 period. In two instances short cists have been opened, in 

 which, alongside of the skeleton of an unburnt body were 

 cremated human bones, not contained in a cinerary urn, but 

 scattered on the floor of the cist, which conclusively prove 

 that both cremation and inhumation were sometimes in 

 practice at the same interment. 



One may now inquire into the reason why cinerary urns, 

 with their contained ashes, and short cists, enclosing bodies 

 which had been buried in a bent or stooping attitude, should 

 be associated with the men of the Bronze Age. The first 

 and most important is the presence of objects made of bronze. 

 In the 144 localities under analysis in which interments 

 ascribed to the Bronze Age have been examined, bronze 

 articles were found in 34 directly associated with the inter- 

 ments. In four of these the bronze was along with objects 

 made of gold. In seven other interments of the same char- 

 acter gold ornaments without bronze were present. The men 

 of this period were, therefore, workers in gold also, and as it 

 has been, and indeed still can be, mined in Scotland, it is not 

 unlikely that the ornaments had been wrought from native 

 metal. Additional proof that the burials in short cists, and 

 after cremation in cinerary urns, both belonged to the same 

 period, and were practised by the same people, is furnished 

 by the presence of articles of bronze and gold in both groups 

 of interment. 



But, in addition to metallic objects, the graves sometimes 

 contained other implements and ornaments. In many 

 localities articles made of flint, stone, or bone, and jet beads 

 were associated with bronze. In others flints in the form of 

 chips, knives, arrow-heads, and spear-heads ; stone implements 

 in the form of whetstones and hammers ; bone and jet orna- 

 ments and bone pins were found in short cists, and some of 

 these articles, also in cremation interments, were unaccom- 

 panied by bronze. 



Attention has been called by Dr. Joseph Anderson to 

 the character of the bronze objects usually associated with 



