EARLY MAN IN SCOTLAND 131 



southern counties had been of necessity under the influence 

 of cold, and must have been subjected to the effects produced 

 by rain and snow, by freezing and thawing. 



During the succeeding interglacial epoch the climate 

 eventually became temperate and genial, and vegetable and 

 animal life abounded. It is to this stage that most of the 

 Pleistocene river alluvia and cave deposits of England and 

 the adjacent parts of the Continent are assigned. The 

 British Islands appear at that time to have been joined to 

 the Continent, and the same mammalian fauna then occupied 

 Britain, France, and Belgium, which implied similar climatic 

 conditions. As examples of these, it may be sufficient to 

 name the larger mammals, as the cave and grizzly bear, the 

 hyaena, lion, Irish deer, reindeer, hippopotamus, woolly rhi- 

 noceros, straight-tusked elephant and mammoth, all of which 

 are now either locally or wholly extinct. 



Abundant evidence exists that man was contemporaneous 

 with these mammals in Western Europe, as is shown by the 

 presence of his bones alongside of theirs, and of numerous 

 works of his hands, more especially the implements and 

 tools which he had manufactured and employed. To a large 

 extent these consisted of flint, rudely chipped and fashioned. 

 To these implements, and to the men who made them, the 

 well-known term " Palaeolithic " is applied. But along with 

 these, other implements have been discovered, made from 

 the bones, horns, and teeth of the larger mammals, on some 

 of which animal forms and incidents of the chase have been 

 sculptured both with taste and skill. Up to now, however, 

 no trace of pottery which can without question be referred 

 to Palaeolithic men has been found, and no habitations, 

 except the caves and rock shelters which nature provided 

 for them. 



One may now consider how far northwards in Britain 

 Palaeolithic man and the large mammals, with which he was 

 contemporaneous, have been traced. The exploration of 

 caverns made by Professor Boyd Dawkins, and other 

 geologists associated with him, has proved that bones of 

 certain of the mammals of this epoch were present in caves 

 in Derbyshire, Yorkshire, and North Wales, and that human 

 remains and implements of Palaeolithic type have been 



