EARLY MAN IN SCOTLAND 137 



purposes, were described in the lecture. 1 The caves were, 

 as a rule, 100 yards inland, and about 30 feet or more 

 above the present high- water mark. They had, no doubt, 

 been formed by the action of the waves at the period of 

 formation of the 25-30 foot beach, for the floor of one of 

 the caves was covered by a layer of gravel and pebbles, 

 which had been washed there when the sea had had access 

 to it. 



In these caves, bones representing fifteen human 

 skeletons men, women, and children were found ; also 

 bones of the Bos longifrons, red and roe deer, pig, dog, goat, 

 badger, and otter, shells of edible molluscs, bones of fish and 

 claws of crabs ; also flint scrapers, hammer stones, implements 

 of bone and horn fashioned into the form of pins, borers, and 

 chisel-shaped instruments. In one cave several harpoons 

 or fish spears made of the horns of deer were obtained ; 

 similar in form to those found in the Victoria Cave, Settle, 

 in Kent's Cavern, and in the grotto of La Madelaine, 

 France, which in some of these instances have been 

 associated with Palaeolithic objects. 



An account was then given of the construction and con- 

 tents of the chambered horned cairns in Caithness and the 

 north-west of Scotland, which have been so carefully in- 

 vestigated and described by Dr. Joseph Anderson. 2 The 

 presence of incinerated bones and of unburnt skeletons showed 

 the cairns to have been places of interment, whilst flint flakes 

 and scrapers, bone and polished stone implements, and shallow 

 vessels of coarse clay, associated them with Neolithic man, 

 obviously the same race as the builders of the English long 

 barrows. 



Stone abounds in Scotland, and the polished stone 

 implements, which have been found in every county, in the 

 soil and near the surface of the ground, are often of large 

 size and beautifully ground and polished. Flint, on the 

 other hand, is confined to a few localities, as the island of 

 Mull and limited areas in the counties of Banff and Aberdeen. 

 The nodules are as a rule small in size, and though adapted 



1 For a detailed description, see papers by Dr. Joseph Anderson and the 

 Author in " Proc. Scot. Soc. Antiquaries," 1895. 



2 "Scotland in Pagan Times" (Edinburgh, 1886). 



