32 C. H. TURNER. 



excavations ; and, occasionally, assist in conveying pupae from 

 one place to another. I have never noticed one continue to carry 

 pupae for any considerable length of time. 



10. Ants are affected by olfactory, optic, tactile, kinesthetic 

 and probably auditory stimuli. 



11. Ants seem to have fairly definite impressions of direction, 

 both in horizontal and vertical planes, and of distance. 



12. Ants have associative memory. 



13. Such cases of division of labor as Romanes -- quoting 

 from Moggridge, Lespes, Belt and Herr Gredler - - describes in 

 his "Animal Intelligence," are to be looked upon as cases of 

 incidental coincidence rather than as examples of mutual 

 cooperation. 



14. Ants can be trained to do certain simple things in the 

 same way that vertebrates are trained. 



15. In their activities ants display marked individual variations 

 In this preliminary paper, space forbids a discussion of the 



data upon which the above statements are based ; that will be 

 done in a paper which I expect to publish in the spring or sum- 

 mer of 1907. In this communication I merely desire to give 

 some of the evidence that warrants the fourth and fifth state- 

 ments. 



In these experiments I used a card-board stage six inches 

 square, from which a card-board incline, three fourths of an inch 

 wide, led down to the island upon which the nest of the ants 

 was confined. A great many pupae and worker ants were placed 

 on this stage. After many random movements the ants learned 

 the way from the stage to the nest and back. The way once 

 learned, the ants continued to work until all of the pupae had been 

 carried into the nest. I then replaced the ants and pupae on the 

 stage. The pupae were again carried home. This was repeated 

 over and over again ; until, by their actions, I concluded that the 

 ants were thoroughly acquainted with the way down the incline 

 to the nest. Then a second incline was so placed as to lead from 

 the opposite side of the stage to the Lubbock island. If, after a 

 lapse of a few minutes, no workers descended this second in- 

 cline, I concluded that the workers thoroughly knew the way 

 down the other path. I then placed the first incline, which had 



