IO2 WALLACE CRAIG. 



Sex. (Phase I.) The dove, either the male or the female, 

 shows sexual appetite and invites the mate to sexual activity. 

 Gradually they lead up to (Phase II.) the consummatory sexual 

 act. (Phase III.) After the sexual act, in some cases one bird 

 shows marked aversion, e. g., by striking at the mate. Either 

 the male or the female may show aversion. In some species, 

 signs of aversion after the sexual act seem to be a normal and 

 regular occurrence. In other species they are shown only by a 

 bird whose mate, having failed of satisfaction, invites to further 

 sexual activity. (Phase IV.) The pair usually become sexually 

 indifferent for a considerable time after each copulation. 



Brooding. (Phase I.) The dove shows the brooding appetence, 

 goes to the nest, and, if need be, struggles to obtain possession 

 of it. (Phase II.) It sits throughout its customary perood, during 

 which it often resists efforts of the mate to relieve it. (Phase 

 III.) At the end of this period, in contrast, it comes off at a slight 

 sign from the mate, runs about, flaps its wings, and thus shows 

 its joy in being off. This may be interpreted as a sort of mild 

 aversion for the nest. (Phase IV.) It goes aw r ay and becomes 

 temporarily indifferent to the nest. 



In other cases, one or other of the phases is not clearly present, 

 so that there are various sorts of incomplete cycles, such as the 

 following. 



(a) When the bird shows appetitive behavior but fails to obtain 

 the appeted stimulus, the appetite sometimes disappears, due 

 to fatigue or to drainage of energy into other channels; in which 

 case, Phase II. is not attained. 



But many instinctive appetites are so persistent that if they 

 do not attain the normal appeted stimulus they make connection 

 with some abnormal stimulus (see page 94) ; to this the consum- 

 matory reaction takes place, the tension of the appetite is re- 

 lieved, its energy discharged, and the organism shows satisfaction. 

 This is of course compensation, in the sense in which that word is 

 used in psychiatry. But the abnormal stimulus is usually inade- 

 quate or incomplete, the relief or discharge is imperfect, the satis- 

 faction is marred by the fact that some of the constituent ele- 

 ments of the appetite, failing to receive their appeted stimuli, are 

 still in Phase I. and abnormally active, while at the same time 

 other elements have already reached Phase III., aversion. 



