APPETITES AND AVERSIONS. 97 



Bowen concludes that the intellect and the "passions" of man 

 are not products of evolution. (5) It may be added that even 

 Bowen, strive as he did to separate appetite from instinct, was 

 compelled to admit that the attempt at such separation leads 

 one into difficulties and disputed cases. In contravention of 

 Bowen's conclusions I contend: (i) That much of human be- 

 havior is instinctive. (2) That Bowen's description of instinct 

 as "a foreign agency, which enters not into the individuality" 

 is true of reflex action, such as coughing or sneezing, but is not 

 true of instinctive behavior, which is extremely different from 

 such mere reflexes. (For a fuller statement on this point, see 

 below, page 106. See also Hobhouse, '15,98-99.) (3) That, of 

 the useful results toward which instincts tend, some, not all, are 

 ends for the agent. For they are the objects of appetites, and 

 the animal strives and learns to attain them. (4) That human 

 conative behavior evolved from the instinctive appetitive be- 

 havior of lower animals. 



In another article I hope to publish soon a further discussion 

 of the literature. 



EXAMPLES. 



1. The case of doves learning to drink, as described in detail 

 in a former article (Craig. '12), illustrates appetite. The ob- 

 served appetitive behavior was aroused by stimulation of dis- 

 tance-receptors, such as the sight of the water-dish being brought 

 to the cage, and of the man bringing it; these acted as appetizers. 

 Each dove, as soon as it had learned to associate such stimuli 

 with the drinking situation, responded to these stimuli by making 

 drinking movements (incipient consummatory action) at once 

 without going to the water dish. The first drinking movements 

 failing to bring water, the dove repeated these movements again 

 and again, sometimes walking a few steps, sometimes turning 

 round, until after many trials and many errors it did get its bill 

 into the water, received the stimulus from water in the mouth 

 (appeted stimulus), whereupon the drinking movements (con- 

 summatory reaction) were made not incipiently but completely, 

 the water being swallowed, after which the bird rested and ap- 

 peared satisfied. 



2. A good example of appetitive behavior is seen in the way in 



