IO6 . WALLACE CRAIG. 



in question consists of mere chain reflexes. Neither do the 

 similar facts as to avian cycles prove that the avian behavior 

 consists of mere chain reflexes. 



The birds in their cycles exhibit attention (using this and all 

 the following terms in a strictly behavioristic sense), intelligence, 

 memory, intensely emotional behavior, conflict of tendencies, 

 hesitation, deliberation (of course an elementary sort of delibera- 

 tion), rise, maintenance, and decline of appetences, behavior 

 conformable to certain laws of valuation. All these forms of 

 behavior function in bringing about the consummatory situations 

 of the cycles. Thus the instinctive behavior of birds, so far from 

 consisting of mere chain-reflexes, and having no relation to 

 "individuality" (Bowen, vide ut supra, p. 97), is in reality very 

 highly integrated, and is the very core of the bird's individuality. 



All human behavior runs in cycles which are of the same funda- 

 mental character as the cycles of avian behavior. These appear 

 in consciousness as cycles of attention, of feeling, and of valuation. 



This description is true not only of our behavior toward ob- 

 jects specifically sought by instinct, such as food, mate, and 

 young, but also of our behavior toward the objects of our highest 

 and most sophisticated impulses. Consider, for example, the 

 course of a music-lover's feelings and attention in the case of a 

 symphony concert. Before the concert, if his internal state is 

 favorable (Phase I.), he is all eagerness, desire, interest. He goes 

 to the concert-hall, chooses a good seat for hearing, and in every 

 way shows appetitive behavior. (Phase II.) The music begins, 

 he pays close attention, and feels satisfaction. (Phase III.) 

 If the concert continues too long, he is surfeited, his pleasure 

 diminishes, he even feels some unpleasantness, and his attention 

 turns away, which is of course a form of aversion. (Phase IV.) 

 When the music at length ceases he feels restfulness, relief, and 

 his attention goes elsewhere. This cycle of the whole concert 

 is overlaid by a complex system of epicycles, each extending 

 through one symphony, one movement, or a smaller division, 

 down to the measure and the beat. This is only one illustration 

 of the fact that the entire behavior of the human being is, like 

 that of the bird, a vast system of cycles and epicycles, the longest 

 cycle extending through life, the shortest ones being measured 



