146 ARTHUR G. VESTAL. 



on newly cleared or burned hardwood land. The clearings are 

 soon overgrown with herbaceous plants, many of them intro- 

 duced, as mullein, Verbascum thapsus. These burns and clearings 

 vary considerably both as regards physical conditions and plant 

 composition. They are only temporary stages in the process of 

 reforestation. Usually they are dry and hot, being fully exposed 

 to the sun, but often sheltered from w r ind by surrounding forests. 

 Grasshoppers are numerous, both in individuals and in species. 

 In approximate order of abundance they are : Melanoplus atlanis, 

 Camnula pellucida, Dissosteira Carolina, M. bivittatus, Sphara- 

 gemon bolli, Circotettix verruculatus , M. lurid us, Chloealtis con- 

 spersa, M. minor. Only the first two occur in any considerable 

 abundance. 



Thicket and Bramble Associations (Gates, '13: 76). The 

 shrubby plants which replace the herbs in clearings are prin- 

 cipally blackberry and raspberry, Rubns spp., red-berried elder, 

 Sambucus racemosa, and young seedlings and shrubs of hard 

 maple, Acer saccharum. These growths often form a dense 

 tangle which is almost impenetrable. In dense parts of these 

 thickets an occasional Melanoplus bivittatus would be seen upon 

 a leaf at the top of a shrub. Where the ground could be seen, 

 Melanoplus atlanis, Camnula pellucida, and Chloealtis conspersa 

 were also to be found. 



Beech-Maple Association (Gates, '13: 71). The beech-maple 

 forest is dominated by two tree species, Fagus grandifolia, which 

 occurs in places in nearly pure stands, and Acer saccharum. 

 Tsuga canadensis, the hemlock, is also important in places. 

 Ostrya virginiana, Betula lutea, and Tilia americana are infrequent 

 species. In the deeply shaded parts of the forest, the under- 

 growth consists mainly of young seedlings of Fagus and Acer, 

 with small plants of Maianthemum canadense and Mitchella 

 repens. partly hidden in the thick carpet of fallen leaves. In the 

 sunlit spots the undergrowth is taller, with Acer pennsylvanicum 

 and Sambucus racemosa. Many other forest plants occur. 

 Stumps and logs are common, but no bare ground is exposed. 

 The relative humidity is high. Exposure to sun and wind is at a 

 minimum. Melanoplus islandicus is a characteristic grass- 

 hopper species, of the deeply shaded parts of the forest. It is 

 probable that Podisma glacialis variegata occurs also on shrub- 



