GRASSHOPPERS IX RELATION TO PLANT ASSOCIATIONS. iyi 



between the grasshoppers of the bracken-blueberry and closed 

 aspen stages. Climax beech-maple conditions have probably not 

 yet been fully developed, in the immediate region, from the 

 closed aspens of the pine lands. The beech-maple forest of the 

 morainic areas of the region represent the ultimate condition of 

 present closed aspen areas. 



The grasshoppers of the table show certain likenesses and 

 differences in habitat-selection which may be correlated with 

 their behavior characters. The first five species, all typical of 

 very open situations, are active, motile forms, of strong and 

 sustained flight, and are usually seen resting upon bare soil. 

 They lay eggs usually in soil of loose texture. They are fre- 

 quently seen on roads, and patches of bare soil, in the Douglas 

 Lake region, and are abundant near the beach. They are fre- 

 quently seen in the interstices between plants in open grassland, 

 and become successively less numerous with the closing of the 

 vegetation. 



Camnula pellucida is less like the typical bare-ground (Edipo- 

 dincB in behavior. It is more variable in distribution, and though 

 practically restricted to grassland, is more numerous in ruderal 

 growths. 



Melanoplus angustipennis is an interstitial species, and in- 

 creases in abundance with the closing of the vegetation until the 

 sand is relatively stable, with the admixture of a little humus, 

 though the soil is still loose in texture. 



Melanoplus luridus and Scirtetica marmorata have not been 

 found in sufficient numbers to determine their status with 

 satisfaction. The former appears to be a species of nearly 

 closed grassland; the latter is more or less closely associated, in 

 this region at least, with lichen surfaces that had not developed 

 in earlier stages of herbaceous growth. 



Melanoplus fasciatus and Chloealtis conspersa, in this and other 

 regions, are associated with dry open forests and forest borders. 

 They are more frequently short-winged, and exhibit a departure 

 from grassland behavior. The latter is known to deposit eggs 

 in wood. 



Melanoplus islandicus is a shade-dwelling species of deep 

 woods. It is flightless, and probably lays eggs in wood. Podisma 



