On Cretaceous Cephalopoda from Zululand. 271 



Umkwelaue Hill fauna, partly because they represent benthouic types 

 of limited powers of migration, compared Avith the oxycone develop- 

 ments of the Upper Seuoniau, that might be thought to have been 

 active swimmers, but are often curiously restricted, just as other marine 

 organisms often may have a limited horizontal distribution.* Their 

 nearest allies, hitherto described, are European, Japanese and North 

 American forms, but in an uuworked Egyptian Collection in the British 

 Museum there are, besides Bostrychoceras, which also occurs in Tunis, 

 Baluchistan, India and Madagascar, fragmentary Nostoceratids, com- 

 parable with the Zululaud species and with Fort Pierre types from 

 the United States and from Canada.t These forms again point to a 

 direct connection with North Africa, as did Morton iceras, and it appears 

 probable that ever since the breaking up of Suess's Goudwanaland, or 

 at least from the time of the Aptian transgression, the Zululand 

 Cretaceous Sea was open not only to Antarctic-Pacific elements 

 coming from south-west, but was in direct communication, through 

 the Mozambique Channel, with the sea to the north^ that led to the 

 Mediterranean on the one hand and to India on the other. 



Boule, Lemoine and Thcvenin stated that there was a gradually 

 diminishing number of forms common to the North African and the 

 Madagascar faunas, as the beds became higher in the Cretaceous 

 succession ; and they noted the absence of Tissotia, which constitutes 

 an important element in the North African fauna. Such a relation, 

 perhaps, is also to be observed in Zululand ; but the figures, at any 

 rate, prove little, considering the differences in the facies of two 

 neighbouring areas such as, e. </., Pondoland and Zululaud. In the 

 much more completely known Tunisian fauna, both the " Atlantic " 

 and the " Indo-Pacific " types (though the latter without Kossma- 

 ticeras) are represented. If, however, the Umkwelane Hill fauna be 

 compared with the neritic Egyptian or European faunas and the 

 Poudoland fauna with a corresponding bathyal|j assemblage of North 



* Mr. S. S. Buckman (" Jurassic Chronology : I, Lias," Suppl. I, ' Q. J. G. S., 

 vol. Ixxvi, pt. i, 1920, pp. (56-07) considers that analogy with modern organisms 

 does not hold, but his remarks are unconvincing, as a study of the distribution, 

 and dependence on facies, of the two fundamental stocks of Ammonites 

 (Lytoceratidie and Phylloceratidse) will shoAv. 



Exiteloceras cf. angulatum (Meek), Didymoceras ?, sp. (cf. Heteroceras poly- 

 plocum, Romer sp. (pars), in Schliiter, 1872, p. 112, pi. xxxiv, fig. 1 only). Com- 

 parable forms have also been discovered in Angola (see footnote on p. 269). 



\ In Krenkel's sense (" Unt. Kr. v. D.-Ostafr.," ' Beitr. Pal. Ost.-Ung.,' vol. 

 xxiii, 1910, p. 249). 



Loc. cit. (1907), p. 71. 



|| The term " bathyal " is misleading, for Lytoceratidae, e. g., may occasionally 

 occur in comparatively shallow-water deposits (Juce/ise-zone). 



