92 ODOB^ENUS ROSMARUS ATLANTIC WALRUS. 



Fininark and Spitzbergen,* published many interesting notes 

 relating to its habits and food, and later a special paper on its 

 dentition (noticed antea, p. 54.) Malrngren's observations on 

 their habits, distribution, etc., also appear in the history of the 

 Swedish Expedition to Spitsbergen and Bear Island in the year 

 1861, t together with a somewhat detailed and very interesting 

 general history of the animal, with several illustrations. 



Brown, in 1868, in his " Notes on the History and Geograph- 

 ical Eelations of thePinnipedia frequenting the Spitzbergen and 

 Greenland Seas,"! devotes several pages to the Walruses (pp. 

 427-435), in which he considers especially their habits and food, 

 geographical distribution, and economic value. 



In addition to the special papers cited in the foregoing pages, 

 their general history has been more or less fully presented in 

 several general works treating of the mammalia, and in several 

 fauna! publications^ Much information respecting their general 

 history may also be found in the narratives of various Arctic 

 explorers, as Parry, Wrangell, Keilhau, Kane, Hayes, Larnont, 

 and others, whose contributions will be more fully noticed in the 

 following pages relating to the habits of the Walruses. 



2. Figures. As von Baer facetiously remarks, no animal 

 has had the honor of being depicted in such strange and widely 

 diverse representations as the Walrus. These, as has been 

 previously stated, began with Olaus Magnus, about the middle 

 of the sixteenth century, who opened the series with half a 

 dozen phantastic figures, based apparently upon this animal, 

 only one of which, however, bore the name Kosmarus (Rosma- 



* lakttagelser och anteckniugar till Finmarkens ocli Spetsbergeiis Diigg- 

 djursfauua. Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forhandl. 1863, (1864), pp. 

 127-155. [Walruses noticed, pp. 130-134.] Also republished in German in 

 Wiegniann's Arch, fur Naturgesch., 1864, pp. 63-97. 



tl have seen only Passarge'a German translation, entitled "Die schwe- 

 disclien Expeditionen nach Spitzbergen und Baren-Eiland ausgefiihrt in 

 den Jahren 1861, 1864, und 1868, unter Leitung von O. Torell und A. E. 

 Nordenskiold. Aus dem Schwedischen iibersetzt von L. Passarge. Nebst 9 

 grossen Ansichten in Tondruck, 27 Illustrationen in Holzschnitt und einer 

 Karte von Spitzbergen in Farbendruck. Jena, Hermann Costenoble, 1869." 

 See pp. 131-143 (general history), 147, 151, etc. 



iProc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, pp. 405-440. 



$ See, among others, Macgillivray, British Quad., 1838, pp. 219-224 ; Ham- 

 ilton, Amphib. Carnivora, etc., 1839, pp. 103-123; Nilsson, Skaud. Faun., i, 

 1847, pp. 318-325; Giebel, Siiugethiere, 1855, pp. 127-129; Lilljeborg, Fauna 

 Sveriges och Norges Daggdj., 1874, pp. 654-667 ; etc., etc. 



