92 Nutrition and Other Subjects of Allied Interest 



was made of the respiratory exchange, in which both the respiration apparatus and 

 the respiration calorimeter were used, this including the study of the influence of 

 various factors upon the respiratory exchange, such as the work of writing, or 

 breathing oxygen-rich atmospheres, and the condition of sleeping and waking. The 

 elimination of water through the lungs and skin was also determined. From these 

 data important deductions regarding the total katabolism per 24 hours, the char- 

 acter of the katabolism, the loss of water from the body, the loss of original body 

 substance, and the total energy loss were drawn. 



The observations were carried out chiefly by the laboratory staff and with the 

 cooperation of Drs. W. G. Anderson, J. E. Ash, H. W. Goodall, E. C. Kendall, 

 H. L. Langfeld, and E. E. Southard. It is impossible in this brief abstract to com- 

 ment intelligently upon the results which are extensive and should throw much 

 light upon the relationship between inanition and disease. 



No. 216. CARPENTER, THORNE M. A Comparison of Methods for Determining 

 the Respiratory Exchange of Man. Octavo, 265 pages, 74 figures. 

 Published 1915. Price $2.50. 



This publication gives the results of an extensive series of investigations upon 

 the comparative value of a number of methods used for the determination of the 

 respiratory exchange of man. The first part contains a review of the previous 

 work of other investigators and a detailed description of the methods and apparatus 

 used in the research reported, viz.: Bed respiration calorimeter; the two forms of 

 the Benedict universal respiration apparatus, i. e., tension equalizer unit and 

 spirometer unit ; Zuntz-Geppert, Tissot, and Douglas apparatus ; the Haldane gas 

 analysis apparatus; and minor accessory apparatus. The results of the various 

 comparisons of apparatus follow. The bed respiration calorimeter was made the 

 standard for normal respiratory exchange. The carbon-dioxide elimination, oxygen 

 absorption, respiratory quotient, pulse-rate, respiration-rate, and, when possible, 

 total ventilation of the lungs and volume per respiration were determined. Tables 

 of variations and probability curves for the various determinations made are given 

 and discussed for nearly all of the comparisons. The publication concludes with 

 a critical discussion of the sources of error; the advantages and disadvantages of 

 the various apparatus and methods used ; breathing appliances ; valves ; gas analysis 

 apparatus ; and the accuracy and interpretation of the results of the respiratory 

 exchange of man. 



No. 231. BENEDICT, FRANCIS G., and H. MURSCHHAUSER. Energy Trans-formations 

 during Horizontal Walking. 100 pages, 7 figures. Published 1915. 

 Price $1.00. 



The main object of this research was to study the increase in metabolism due 

 to walking on a level at increasing speeds. A complete historical review is given 

 of all previous research in which the gaseous metabolism during horizontal walking 

 has been studied, including a large summary table in which the results of 20 dif- 

 ferent investigations are recorded and compared. Determinations were made of 

 the carbon-dioxide production, the oxygen consumption and the distance walked 

 by the subject; records of the respiration-rate were obtained automatically by a 

 special tambour arrangement ; a few records of pulse-rate were obtained with the 

 Bock-Thoma oscillograph and the Einthoven string galvanometer ; the exact number 

 of steps taken were recorded automatically by a step-counter; and finally, the height 

 to which the body was raised during walking was measured by a work-adder wheel 

 with a scheme by which each upward and downward movement of the body was 

 recorded upon a rotating kymograph drum. 



In the walking experiments the subject walked at a very slow speed, a medium 

 speed, or a very fast speed, and in a few experiments actually ran, thus giving data 

 for comparing the work of forward progression while the subject was walking 

 with that while he was running. A study was also made of the effect on metabolism 

 of fatigue due to long-continued walking. The report concludes with an analysis 

 of the mechanics of locomotion. 



