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(Saxicava) overlying the clay. This sand has corae from the north and 

 along the northern boundary of the township is almost continous, and ex- 

 tends into the township in ridges or bands for three or four miles. These 

 ridges and low spaces between follow each other in regular successioj^ 

 like waves on the ocean. This was at one time a winter paradise for the 

 red deer, which had shelter and food in abundance and wintered here in 

 thousands. In one place there are several remarkable sand hills, rising 

 almost round from the level swamp or at the end ot a ridge, about fifty 

 feet at the base and twenty to thirty feet in height ; they seem to have 

 been formed in eddies of water. Travelling through the woods here 

 some years ago I came to one of those hills and climbed to the top and 

 was surprised to find in the snow on the flat top, the beds of several 

 deer. In the south-east corner of Cambridge there is an extensive bay; 

 the sand has not come so far south and the depression was not filled up. 

 The Nation river drains the two townships into the Ottawa, and 

 although the table land is level, it is scarred, seamed and cut up in all 

 directions by sti'eams and gullies, the soil being so very fine it washes 

 out very easily and cuts into gullies, sometimes to a great depth. The 

 Castor river and its branches drain the township of Russell into the 

 Nation above Casselman. The river follows the strike of the under- 

 lying rocks. The Nation at Casselman flows across a ledge of Trenton 

 rock northerly, then turning westerly follows the strike of the rock 

 for three miles and then turning suddenly eastward forms the Ox Bow, 

 below Casselman. The banks are very high, and every little stream 

 running into the river has cut down a channel to its present level. 

 During spring freshets the river rises between Casselman and the Ox 

 Bow, from twenty-five to fifty feet over summer level, and the water 

 piles into the gorge faster than it can get around the bow. The rock 

 exposure at Casselman dips to the north and the strike is east and west, 

 the edge of the rock is up stream and the river flows over the back of 

 the ledge making a considerable fall, but not perpendicular. The rock 

 is covered by drift to the boundary of Russell, about six miles from 

 Casselman, the rock here is the same as at Casselman, solid btnls of 

 Trenton limestone, dip north and strike \^est. It here enters the town- 

 ship of Russell and is next exposed in the bed of a small creek near the 



