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Castor, where the water has cut a deep channel through the rock. 

 Four or five acres further west the Castor river crosses the ledge. The 

 river Hows eastward across the rocks and has cut a channel through 

 them of ten or twelve feet in depth, the lower beds of rock are solid 

 limestone and the upper limestone and shale in alternate layers of five 

 or six inches, which form the top of the Trenton. About a mile to the 

 westward there is another exposure of Trenton rock on the south side 

 of the Castor river. They are tilted up at a very high angle, dipping 

 to the north, the southern edge in some places almost vertical. Still 

 further westward at Louck's mills the rock is exposed in the river, there 

 is a break or fault here and the rock seems to dip under the drift on 

 the south side of the river to the south and on the north side to the 

 north, the rock exposure continues up the stream past Duncanville and 

 is here probably Utica. To the north the Hudson river formation is 

 exposed, presenting first grey sandstone, weathering brown and holding 

 Amhonychla radiata, further north black bituminous shale is found 

 overlaid by sandstone and a considerable area of red shales, the red 

 shales weather to red clay and are probably the source of the bands of 

 red clay already mentioned which has been carried to the east and south 

 of the red shale. Tliere aie no indications of minerals in the townships, 

 but on the northern border of Russell in sinkinor a well a vein of iron 

 pyrites was found. There are no mineral springs in the township of 

 Russell, but there is one in the township of Cambridge, on lot 18 in 5th 

 concession, in the bottom of a deep gully. It comes up through the 

 clay, and is slightly salt, but has never been analysed. The spring is 

 in a level dell, and on digging to clear out the outlet it was found to be 

 a mixture of leaves, sticks and clay. The deer had come here for ages 

 to drink and had tramped all together. If the drift was removed from 

 the two townships the general appearance would be a great central de- 

 pression from east to west, and along the centre of that depression the 

 rocks broken and tilted up as if pushed up from below. How has this 

 depression been formed? If it had been scooped out by glacial action 

 there would be boulders left behind, but we do not find any here. Then 

 after the rocks were broken up the clay was deposited filling up all the 

 inequalities in the rocks, making all level except where some of the 



