66 ANNUAL RECORD OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY. 



second and broader arm expands over the entire sea of Nova 

 Zerabla. 



The left bank and bottom of the Gulf Stream are formed 

 by the ice-cold water of the Arctic Ocean ; the right side, 

 however, consists of the bottom of the North Sea and the 

 banks connected with it, as also of the Norwegian coast to 

 the Russian boundary. The Gulf Stream is warmest on the 

 surface layer quite close to the coast of Norway (in the 

 summer, of course), and from this point the strata exhibit a 

 sensibly-decreasing temperature with the increasing depth, 

 until we reach the stratum of the freezing-point. 



Deep-sea observations in several of the Norwegian fiords, 

 which are protected by their out-lying banks from the great 

 Atlantic depths, show that their water comes from the Gulf 

 Stream, and they appear to be filled with this water to the 

 very bottom, even when this lies lower than the ice-cold bed 

 of the Gulf Stream off the coast. Thus the West Fiord, at 

 a depth of from 100 to 320 fathoms, showed a uniform tem- 

 perature of 44.6 Fahr. in the summer of 1868, while outside 

 of the Loffodens the observations of the JVbrna in July, 1871, 

 at 35 fathoms, revealed a temperature of 44.6 Fahr., and at 

 215 fathoms of 39.2. To the southwest of Lindesnses and 

 Lister, in June to August, 1871, at 150 to 250 fathoms, the 

 temperature registered 42.8 to 44.6, while in the Faroe- 

 Shetland channel, at the same depth, the temperature de- 

 creased from 42.8 to 33.8. 



Attention is 'called by the author to the temperature indi- 

 cations of the Porcupine expedition in July, 1869, where, in 

 the deep depression of the Atlantic Ocean, outside the chan- 

 nel, while the temperature at the surface was 62.6 Fahr., at 

 2435 fathoms it was 36.5, a decrease occurring abruptly be- 

 low the first 50 fathoms, through the loss of the influence of 

 the sun's rays, and then, again, at 700 fathoms, the difference 

 between 900 fathoms and the sea-bottom amounting only 

 to 2.7. 



Southwest of Iceland, to the west of the Rockall Gulf, at 

 a depth of 300 fathoms, where the sea-bottom branches off 

 from the greatest depression of the Atlantic, a uniform tem- 

 perature of 44.6 was noted, while at the same depth on the 

 east side of the Rockall the temperature was 48.2. 



In the Faroe-Shetland channel, and to the northeast of 



