380 ANNUAL RECORD OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY. 



as thinking and social beings, the fabricators and elaborators 

 of their own culture and destiny. The former inquiry that 

 which contemplates man as a creature is sometimes called 

 Anthropology proper, and is divided into anatomy, or an- 

 thropotomy; biology, including comparative physiology and 

 psychology ; and comparative pathology. In the investi- 

 gations conducted by the most eminent anthropologists, 

 the object has been to ascertain man's place in space and 

 time, and in the animal kingdom, quite as much as to set- 

 tle the boundaries of the several divisions of the human 

 family. 



The latter part of ethnology, or that which views man as 

 a creator rather than as a creature, may be descriptive of a 

 group of consanguinii, occupying the same area, speaking 

 the same tongue, and having the same customs and rites. 

 It is then called Ethnography. Language is so peculiarly a 

 human creation and heritage, and the preparation to study 

 its history and laws successfully so laborious and special, 

 that the department of comparative philology, both descrip- 

 tive and deductive, stands apart as a separate branch of an- 

 thropology. 



The multiplication of accurate observations relating to 

 civilized and uncivilized races has enabled anthropologists to 

 reduce many of their facts concerning birth, inheritance, 

 marriage, disease, environment, decay, and death to statis- 

 tical form, and even to predict the recurrence of phenomena 

 which have been regarded as the offspring of caprice. This 

 has been called Demography, and will form the third part 

 of ethnology. 



M. Comte invented the term Sociology for the science of 

 society. This subject, first systematically discussed by Dr. 

 Gustav Klemm, in his " Culturgeschichte," has been more 

 thoroughly elaborated by Spencer, Lubbock, and Tylor in 

 later times. It will constitute the fourth and last part of 

 ethnology. 



In addition to archaeology and ethnology, a summary of 

 anthropology should include the instrumentalities mechan- 

 ical, literary, and social by means of which the science has 

 been advanced. 



