472 ANNUAL RECORD OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY. 



There are indications that while the grown fishes inhabit 

 the great depths of the ocean, development may take place 

 near the surface. The very young of forms evidently near- 

 ly allied to the Himantolopliinw of Greenland have been ob- 

 tained in surface water in the open Atlantic; and it is quite 

 probable that the ova deposited in the depths may find their 

 way upwards, like those of the cod and mackerel, and be 



there hatched. 



Amphibians and Reptiles. 



The amphibians and reptiles furnish an example, as do 

 also the classes known under the collective name of fishes, 

 of groups very diverse in structure, but generally studied 

 together in common by the same persons. Of those who 

 have devoted most attention to both classes, or to special 

 groups of one or the other, during the past year, are, among 

 anatomists, W. K. Parker, L. C. Miall, and Rabl-Riickhard ; 

 among physiologists, J. Priestley, H. N". Martin, W. von Wit- 

 tich, J. B. Sanderson, and F. J. M. Page ; and among embry- 

 ologists, F. B. Balfour, C. Kupffer, and B. Benecke. Some of 

 the most conspicuous students of special faunas have been, 

 for North America, E. D. Cope, H. C. Yarrow, W. Henshaw, 

 and E. Coues ; for South America, E. D. Cope and F. Miiller; 

 for Europe, F. K. Knauer, M. Lessona, and V. Collin de Plan- 

 cy ; for Asia, W. Peters and R. H. Beddome ; for Africa, W. 

 Peters; and for Australia, W. A. Forbes. The chief investi- 

 gators of the fossil types have been E. D. Cope, O. C. Marsh, 

 A. Gaudry, IT. Seeley, R. Owen, R. Wiedersheim, and A. Por- 

 tis. 



The most interesting contributions to the knowledge of 



CD CD 



the Amphibians are those respecting the physiology of gen- 

 eration and early life. Two of these have been recorded in 

 the Nineteenth Century, and from the accounts therein we 

 partly extract the following details: 



Differences in Development of New-born Salamanders. 



In the popular estimation, great importance is attached to 

 the occurrence of viviparity or oviparity, and to adaptation 

 for breathing air directly or through the medium of the water 

 in animals, and it is generally supposed that such characters 

 are of primary systematic value. Rarely, in fact, at least 

 among vertebrates, do we find animals very closely allied 



