524 ANNUAL RECORD OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY. 



the linden, which leaf out early, shed their leaves late, while 



in other species, as chestnut, ash, etc., the reverse is the case. 



Otto Kunze, in a series of papers issued as an appendix to the 



Jjotanisc/ie Zeitung, gives a very minute account of the modes 



adopted by different plants for protection and distribution. 



And, lastly, we must mention a number of valuable papers 



on vegetable physiology presented by Professor Wiesner, at 



the sessions of the Imperial Academy at Vienna, the two 



most important being on the Undulating Notation of In- 



ternodes, and on the Influence of the Intensity of Light on 



Heliotropismus. 



Herbaria, Gardens, etc. 



The number of deaths during the year has been large. 

 Sweden has lost its oldest and most celebrated botanist by 

 the death of Professor Elias Magnus Fries, of TJpsala. He 

 may be called the father of mycology, and he was almost 

 equally distinguished as a lichenologist. Zanardini was the 

 oldest of Italian algologists, and Visiani the oldest phamog- 

 amic botanist of Italy. Raspail belonged rather to a former 

 generation. Durieu de Maisonneuve, although very aged, was 

 comparatively active. Dumortier was not only a good bot- 

 anist, being a distinguished writer on Hepaticece, but also a 

 statesman of reputation. Thomson and Kurz were well- 

 known travellers and writers. The former accompanied Dr. 

 (now Sir) J. D. Hooker on his Indian trip, and the latter was 

 Curator of the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden of Calcutta. 



Schwendener has been appointed professor of botany; and 

 Eichler director of the Botanic Garden at Berlin. Schwen- 

 dener is succeeded at Tubingen by Pfeffer, who is himself 

 replaced at Basle by Vochting. Eichler's former position at 

 Kiel is filled by Engler, of Munich. Beccari has been made 

 director of the Garden at Florence, the position formerly held 

 by Parlatore. Pedicino succeeds De Notaris at Rome. De 

 Notaris's herbarium has been purchased by the Roman gov- 

 ernment. Kerner has been made professor of botany at Vi- 

 enna. Mr. Daniel Morris has been appointed Assistant-Di- 

 rector of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Ceylon. Dr. F. J. 

 Kjellman has accompanied the Nordenskiold Arctic Expedi- 

 tion as botanist. The Congress of Botanists, held at Paris in 

 August, is said not to have been very successful, the attend- 

 ance having been smaller than was expected. 



