12 TRANSPIRATION IN A DESERT PERENNIAL. 



that the plant was replaced by a small atmometer which lost about the 

 same amount of water as the plant. This atmometer (D, fig. 2) consisted 

 of a tube containing a wick which dipped below into a small reservoir of 

 water and ended above in sand, slightly piled. A cover was provided for 

 the evaporating surface for use when the atmometer was removed to be 

 weighed. This atmometer was standardizetl to an open pan of water in a 

 dark room and its loss reduced to loss per square centimeter of water surface. 

 The results of this standardization brought out the fact that the atmometer's 

 rate was a fairly constant one under the same conditions; for the average of 

 three readings of 24 hours each it varied less than 1 per cent from the extreme 

 readings. The actual losses from the atmometer during the experiments 

 were always reduced to unit area and the loss per unit area from the plant 

 for the same period was divided by this number, the result being called the 

 relative transpiration.* It might seem on a priori grounds that the shape 

 of the curve obtained from these results would be parallel to a true curve, 

 but that the actual values might he either too high or too low, since the 

 conditions under the two bell-jars were seldom absolutely identical; yet 

 the values for relative transpiration obtained in 1912, when atmometer and 

 plant were under the same bell-jar, are in such close agreement with these 

 earlier ones that the results obtained by the use of two bell-jars are shown 

 to be as accurate as are those obtained when one jar was used. 



While this last method has the advantage over the earlier one that plant 

 and atmometer are under identical conditions, it has the disadvantage that 

 a larger beam of light must be let into the jar, with the consequent greater 

 rise in temperature within the jar. It will be seen, from the tables of 

 September 1912, that the temperatures under the bell-jar rose every day 

 as much as 3 above the outside air temperatures. As in the case of humidi- 

 ties, it is true here that the plant is not placed under unusual conditions, 

 unless by chance the hottest day of the year was selected for the experiment, 

 and this was not the case. Yet, when only parts of a plant are used, it seems 

 best that the conditions surrounding the branch under experimentation 

 should be as nearly as possible identical with those around the rest of the 

 tree. In the subsequent tables, temperatures and humidities are given in 

 order that any difference may appear which might affect conclusions. A 

 number of experiments were discarded where the meteorological conditions 

 within and without the bell-jar differed over 10 per cent; but no experi- 

 ments were discarded which might bring out negative evidence for the main 

 conclusion. 



Great care was taken to have all joints tight during the experiment and to 

 keep the weighing-bottles and atmometer air-tight when not under the bell- 

 jar. Before each set of experiments trials were made in which the atmom- 

 eter was used as a plant and its losses determined by weight and compared 

 with the gain in weight of the calcium chloride plus or minus the correction 

 determined from the dew-points. Sensitive chemical balances were used, 

 but readings were taken only to 1 mg. and the error taken as plus or minus 



*Livingston, B. E., Cam. Inst. Wash. Piih. ^^0. 



