30 THE EVOLUTION OF NATURAL SPECIES. 



tageous substances and to avoid injurious ones. This is accommo- 

 dation. 



Anticipating the inevitable death that approaches, it produces 

 young of its own kind, which shall perpetuate the race. This is 

 reproduction. 



Anticipating the fact that external nature is subject to change, and 

 that, even under unchanged conditions, better adaptations are often 

 possible, it sends forth its offspring endowed with various powers, as 

 experiments in different directions, thus increasing the probability 

 that some will survive. And this is called variation.* 



Being thus wonderfully endowed, having been placed in a world in 

 which some of the resources were fully adapted to sustain them, while 

 other resources were only proximately available, and where many of 

 the conditions were undergoing gradual change such beings, in such 

 a world, would be constantly pressing into new spheres of existence 

 and adapting themselves to the changing world; for from the very 

 nature of their powers there would be a greater propagation of those 

 better adapted and an inferior propagation of those less adapted to 

 the various conditions into which their segregating powers had driven 

 them. Now, this propagation, according to adaptation, this survival 

 of the fittest, this selection, is the interaction of these powers with 

 external nature, and, therefore, can not account for the existence of 

 the powers, though their perfection may be due to their continuous 

 action. 



(2) Selection can not explain the division of one race into several 

 races. 



Again, we see what selection can not explain by considering the 

 nature of the process. The survival of the fittest results in the breed- 

 ing together of the fittest, and, therefore, in the increasing fitness of 

 successive generations of survivors; but how can it account for the 

 division of the survivors of one stock, occupying one country, into forms 



* The importance of anticipatory action is emphasized by Benjamin Kidd in 

 "The Principles of Western Civilization." His term is "projected efficiency." 

 The same power is discussed by Prof. James Ward, of Edinburgh, under the term 

 "subjective (or hedonic) selection, * * * a teleological factor * * * 

 found to belong to all things living." (See Naturalism and Agnosticism, Vol. I, 

 p. 294, and Vol. II, pp. 92, 161 .) "Accommodation," as used by Prof. J. Mark 

 Baldwin, covers all acquired adjustments of the individual to the environment. 

 (See his Development and Evolution.) Functional variation is used by Hertwig 

 in the same meaning. "Acclimatization" as used by Prof. Charles B. Davenport 

 covers all forms of accommodation to unfavorable conditions. (See Experi- 

 mental Morphology.) 



