IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. 15 



Robert (Archiv f. ges. Physiologic, 1903, xcvm, 411), in experiments 

 with the blood of Eledone moschata, confirmed Henze's statement of the 

 loose combination of the copper in the form of a copper albuminate, and 

 also the differences in the chemical behavior of hemocyanin in comparison 

 with hemoglobin. He found that CO, for instance, does not form a com- 

 pound similar to CO-hemoglobin, but seemingly a cyanhemocyanin, and 

 that while hemocyanin decomposes H 2 O 2 it does not cause a bluing of 

 guaiac solution. He found that from hemocyanin neither hematin nor 

 hematoporphyrin could be obtained, and he states that on this account 

 there can not be a close chemical relationship between hemocyanin and 

 hemoglobin. He writes that crystals from Eledone blood were examined 

 by Prof. O. Leudecke, who states "that they are optically uniaxial and 

 positive, apparently hexagonal." Robert reports that hemocyanin is 

 absent from the blood of Aplysia limacina, but present in Maia verrucosa. 



THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEMOGLOBIN IN THE INVERTEBRATES. 



Hiinefeld (Der Chemismus in der thierischen Organization (prize essay), 

 Leipzig, 1840, 160) discovered hemoglobin crystals in the blood of the 

 common earthworm that had been placed between plates of glass. Rollett 

 (Sitz. d. k. Akad. d. Wissensch., Wien, 1861, XLIV, 615) identified the blood 

 crystals of the earthworm and those of the insect Chironomus with those of 

 vertebrates. Nawrocki (Centralblatt f. Wissensch., Feb. 8, 1867, xv, 195) 

 and Ray Lankester (Jour. Anat. and Physiology, 1867-68, n, 114) also 

 identified the substance of the blood crystals of invertebrates with the 

 hemoglobin of vertebrates. The latter, in a series of articles (Jour. Anat. 

 and Physiology, 1867-68, n, 114; 1869-70, iv, 119; Archiv f. ges. Physiol- 

 ogic, 1871, iv, 315; Proceedings Royal Soc. London, 1872-73, xxi, 70), 

 studied the area of distribution of hemoglobin in the animal kingdom, 

 especially in the invertebrates. In his earlier articles he notes that he 

 detected hemoglobin in the non-corpuscular saccular fluid of annelids 

 Lumbricus, Eunice sanguinea, and Hirudo; in the plasma of the blood of the 

 larva of the insect Chironomus plumosus; in the plasma of the blood of the 

 mollusc Planorbis corneus and of the crustacean Chirocephalus diaphanus; 

 and also in larvae allied to Chironomus. In the last article he takes exception 

 to the statement of Preyer that hemoglobin is found in all vertebrates, and 

 he shows the absence of hemoglobin from the Leptocephalus, which pos- 

 sesses corpuscles corresponding to erythrocytes, which animal is perfectly 

 colorless and glass-like except the black-pigmented eye. He also failed, 

 after repeated attempts with the spectroscope, to find evidence of hemo- 

 globin in the Amphioxus, although, as he states, Wilhelm Miiller, of Jena, 

 found that this vertebrate has corpuscles of a pale red color. The facts 

 ascertained as to the distribution of hemoglobin (and myohematin) Lan- 

 kester summarizes as follows : 



(1) In special corpuscles: 



(a) In the blood of all vertebrates, except Leptocephalus and Amphioxus (?). 

 (6) In the perivisceral fluid of some species of the vermian genera Glycera, 



Capitella, and Phoronis. 

 (c) In the blood of the lamellibranchiate mollusc Solen legumen. 



