IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. 



17 



MacMunn (Proc. Birmingham Philosoph. Soc., 1883, in, 385) observed 

 hemoglobin in lamellibranchs, leeches, a turbellarian, and insects. In a 

 later article (Quar. Jour. Microscop. Science, 1885, xxv, 469) he reports 

 hemoglobin in Lumbricus, Arenicola, and Eunice. 



Eisig (Die Capitelliden; Maly's Jahresber. ii. d. Fort. d. Thierchemie, 

 1887, xvn, 336) in studying the bloods of a group of annelids (Capitella) 

 obtained hemoglobin crystals, mostly in the form of four-sided prisms or 

 rhombic plates, some of which were very large. He used methods that 

 are employed to obtain blood crystals from the higher animals. Sometimes 

 crystallization took place spontaneously, intraglobular and extraglobular, 

 and more abundantly in Dasybranchus caduceus than in the other species. 

 He also found evidence of hemoglobin derivatives. 



While the hemoglobin of invertebrates and vertebrates had been identi- 

 fied microscopically and spectroscopically, Griffiths (Proc. Roy. Soc. 

 Edinburgh, 1891 ; Physiology of the Invertebrates, 1892, 147) was the first 

 to show by elementary analyses that the hemoglobins of invertebrates and 

 vertebrates are comparable chemically. The blood of 500 earthworms 

 (Lumbricus terrestris) was treated with benzene, which lakes the blood. 

 The mixture was allowed to stand for 24 hours at C., when it separated 

 into two layers. The one containing the coloring matter was then sepa- 

 rated from the other, and about one-sixth of its volume of pure alcohol 

 was added. After filtration the alcoholic extract was exposed to 12 C., 

 when red crystals were obtained. These crystals yielded, on analysis, the 

 figures given in table 5, which he compares with those of dog's hemoglobin 

 recorded by Hoppe-Seyler. 



TABLE 5. Analyses of crystals from blood of earthworm, compared 

 ivith those of dog hemoglobin. 



Velichi (Inaug. Dissert., Berlin, 1900; Centralblatt f. Physiologie, 

 1900, xiv, 679; Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1900, xxvi, Juni 21, 148), 

 with the microspectrophotometer, made determinations of extinction 

 coefficients and the percentages of hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin in the 

 bloods of several annelids (Arenicola piscatorum, Terebella nebrelosa, Lum- 

 bricus terrestris) and certain other invertebrates. In annelids he found the 

 percentage to be similar to that of the frog, namely, 3.465 per cent. When, 

 however, he made his determination by carbonic-oxide hemoglobin he 

 always obtained lower values, only 3.02 per cent. From the blood of 

 Arenicola he prepared hemin crystals. He also states that the hemoglobins 

 of different classes of animals are not identical, because their extinction 

 coefficients differ. He found hemoglobin in the pharyngeal muscles of 

 gasteropods and also in the blood of certain Crustacea. 



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