32 



SPECIFICITY OF THE BLOOD OF VERTEBRATES 



(table 6). It is of interest to note that his records for the human being 

 were made on executed criminals one hanged and two guillotined. Those 

 of Bischoff (Zeit. f. wissensch. Zoologie, 1855, vn, 331; 1857, ix, 65) were 

 also made on guillotined men. Welcker's figures show that the proportion 

 of the blood is in relation to zoological classification, it being higher in warm- 

 blooded than in cold-blooded animals; higher in birds than in mammals; 

 higher in "scaly" amphibia than in "naked" amphibia; higher in amphibia 

 than in fish; and veiy low in fish, the value being only about one-third of 

 that in the mammals. 



TABLE 8. Means of the proportions of blood to body-weight in different animals, 

 according to the figures of Welcker and others. 



The investigations subsequent to Welcker's have added materially to 

 our list of genera and species among warm-blooded animals (Heidenhain, 

 Archiv f. physiolog. Heilk., N. F., Ser. 1, 1857, 507; Panuin, Archiv f. path. 

 Anat. u. Phys., 1864, xxix, 241, 481; Brozeit, Archiv f. d. ges. Physiologie, 

 1870, in, 353; Ranke, Die Blutvertheilung u. d. Thatigkeitswechsel der 

 Organe, Leipzig, 1871; Spiegelberg u. Gscheidlen, Archiv f. Gynacologie, 

 1872, iv, 530; Steinberg, Archiv f. ges. Physiologie, 1873, vn, 101; Gscheid- 

 len, Physiologische Methodik, 1877, 333; Jolyet et Laffont, Gazette medicale, 

 1877, 349; Heissler, Arbeiten a. d. path. Institut z. Mi'mchen, 1886, 322; 

 Haldane and Smith, Journal of Physiology, 1899-1900, xxv, 331; Doug- 

 lass, Journal of Physiology, 1906, xxxin, 493; Sherrington and Copeman, 

 Journal of Physiology, 1893, xiv, 74; Kottmann, Archiv f. exper. Path. u. 

 Pharm., 1906, uv, 356). 



It would be a natural assumption that in those animals in which the 

 activities of the general metabolic processes are the most intense the 

 proportion of blood would likewise be the highest; yet in fact this is true 

 to only a limited extent, and even then probably only incidentally so. 

 In warm-blooded animals the value is higher than in the cold-blooded, 



