IN RELATION TO ZOOLOGICAL DISTINCTION. 



37 



periment on the dog, Lassar (Archiv f. ges. Physiologic, 1874, ix, 45) found 

 a range of 164.4 to 169.7 and a mean of 166.1 mg. of NaOH. In 6 cats this 

 same observer records a mean of 187.3 mg. of NaOH; and in 20 rabbits, 

 10 German and 10 French, he records mean values of 146.3 and 164.5 mg. 

 of NaOH respectively. Loewy (Archiv f. ges. Physiologic, 1894, LVIII, 462, 

 507, 511) found alkalinity higher in man than in the horse, and higher in 

 the horse than in the dog. 



Zuntz has shown in his experiments with the bloods of the horse, dog, 

 and calf not only marked differences in the alkaline equivalents of these 

 bloods, but marked differences in the alkalinity of the serum and clot. 

 His determinations were made by means of dilute phosphoric acid, each 

 cubic centimeter of which neutralized 5 mg. of Na 2 CO 3 . 



The accompanying statement (table 11) shows the amount of dilute 

 acid required to neutralize 100 c.c. of serum of blood and clot of blood of 



certain animals. 



TABLE 11. 



From these figures it will be seen that when the alkalescence is ex- 

 pressed in milligrams of Na 2 CO 3 the values for the sera of these animals 

 are 88.75, 138.5, and 190, respectively; and for the clots, 218.75, 232, and 

 320, respectively; and that the mean values for the sera and clots are for 

 the dog 153.7, for the horse 185.25, and for the calf 225. It will also be 

 noted, as has been shown in human and other bloods, that the alkalinity 

 of the serum is always less than that of the whole blood and of the clots; 

 and also that the ratios between the sera and clots are not the same in the 

 different species, these ratios being for the dog 1 : 2.47 and for the horse 

 and the calf 1 : 1.68. 



Comparisons of the values (table 12) obtained for different species 

 show the existence of marked zoological distinctions. It is shown that 

 the alkaline equivalent is decidedly the highest in omnivora (man and 

 pig), and then in the following order: herbivora, carnivora, and rodents, 

 the value in the last being only about half that of the omnivora. Comparing 

 the figures for the calf and the sheep with that of the horse, it seems as 

 though the value for ruminants would be found to be higher than for other 

 ungulates, except those belonging to the pig class. Further zoological 

 differences are suggested by the different values of the cat and dog, of the 

 calf and sheep, and of the German and French rabbits. Whether or not 

 the differences in the ratios of alkalinity of sera and clots are of significance 

 is problematical, yet the correspondence between the horse (1 : 1.68) and 

 calf (1 : 1.68) on the one hand, as contrasted with that of the dog (1 : 2.47), 

 is suggestive that this may be worthy of inquiry. In human blood the 



