62 SPECIFICITY OF THE BLOOD OF VEKTEBRATES 



Compt rend. soc. biologic, 1886, cm, 493; Korniloff, Zeit. f. Biologie, 

 1876 xii 515- Leichtenstern, Vierordt's Daten u. Tabellen, 1906, 220; 

 Abderhalden, Zeit. f. physiolog. Chemie, 1898, xxvi, 65; Otto, Archiv f. 

 ges. Phvsiologie, 1885, xxxv, 36; Subbotin, Zeit. f. Biologie, 1871, vn, 

 185- Pelouze, Compt, rend. soc. biologie, 1865, LX, 880; Otto et al, Vier- 

 ordt's Daten u. Tabellen, 1906, 220 et seq.; Jolyet, Gazette medicale, 1874, 

 383- Bardachzi, Zeit. f. physiolog. Chemie, 1906, XLIX, 465; Qumquaud, 

 Compt rend. soc. biologie, 1873, LXXVII, 1489, and LXXVII, 487; Velichi, 

 Inaug Dissert., Berlin, 1900; Centralbl. f. Physiologie, 1901, xiv, 679; 

 Fudakowski, Centralbl. f. med. Wissensch., 1866, iv, 705; Arronet, Inaug. 

 Dissert., Dorpat, 1887; Harris, Journal of Physiology, 1903, xxx, 319.) 

 In mammals the percentage ranges usually between 10 and 15; in birds, 

 between 7 and 9; and in cold-blooded animals, from 2 to 10. 



Glancing over the figures for mammals (table 24), it appears that the 

 percentages fall in the following order: pig, dog, cat, man, horse, bullock, 

 goat, and sheep. The mean of rodents is notably lower than that of pri- 

 mates, carnivora, and ungulates, the percentages being in the following 

 order: guinea-pig, rabbit, and rat. In birds the percentage is, on the whole, 

 distinctly lower than in rodents. Among cold-blooded animals it is prob- 

 ably highest in the tortoise. Omitting the figures of Pelouze for the frog, 

 which obviously are incorrect, the percentage in the frog is only about 

 one-sixth to one-fourth of that in mammals. 



GENERAL CONSIDERATION OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SPECIFICITIES OF THE BLOOD. 



Zoological peculiarities of the blood or pseudo-blood are shown through- 

 out the animal kingdom, vertebrate and invertebrate. The facts that have 

 been brought together in this chapter show clearly not only marked zoo- 

 logical differentiations, but also what important information is to be ex- 

 pected from additional and detailed data along the same or related lines 

 of inquiry. These distinctions are shown in part: 



(1) By the 'whole blood in differences in the proportions of blood to 

 body-weight, in specific gravity, in alkalinity, in the proportions of cor- 

 puscles to plasma, in the degree of coagulability and in the character of 

 the fibrin, in the degree of decomposability, etc. 



(2) In differences in the plasma as regards especially the percentages 

 and kinds of proteins and in the "protein quotient," in the percentage of 

 cholesterin, in the peculiarities of the " precipitins, " agglutinins, and 

 hemolysins, etc. 



(3) In the leucocytes in respect to kind and relative numbers, in peculi- 

 arities of the granular matter, in specific physiological peculiarities, etc. 



(4) In the erythrocytcs in their size, structure, form, and number per 

 cubic millimeter, in their behavior towards certain reagents, in their percent- 

 ages of hemoglobin, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and cholesterin, etc. 



In subsequent pages will be found additional evidence of specificities 

 in the differences in the stroma, in the general chemical and physical prop- 

 erties of the hemoglobins, and especially in the remarkable generic peculiar- 

 ities of the hemoglobins as shown by their crystallographic properties. 



