GEOGRAPHY. 



(Exclusive of !N"ortli America. ) 



By FRANCIS M. GREEX, 



Lieutenant-Commander, U.S.N. 



The past year shows no diminution in the general interest 

 felt all over the civilized world in the development of exact 

 and scientific knowledge of the earth's surface. The most 

 marked discovery which has taken place has been that of the 

 course of the Congo and Lualaba rivers by Mr. H. M. Stanley. 



Governments are freely extending protection and assist- 

 ance to explorers seeking to open new commercial routes ; 

 and the faithful and scientific spirit in which explorations 

 are now conducted is shown by the care taken to attach 

 experts in all branches of natural history to every expe- 

 dition. 



The scientific results of the English Arctic Expedition, and 

 of the voyages of the Challenger and Gazelle, are being pre- 

 pared for publication with great care. 



The most important geographical work in course of publi- 

 cation is Viviers de St. -Martin's "Dictionnaire de Geographie 

 Universelle" and his "Atlas Universel de Geographie, Anci- 

 enne, Moderne, et Moyen-age," both issued in numbers, the 

 publication of the first to run through four years and the 

 second twelve and a half years. 



Among the proofs of the interest now taken in geographi- 

 cal studies may be mentioned the founding of several new 

 German, French, and Italian magazines and journals, spe- 

 cially devoted to the record of current travel and explora- 

 tion, and the largely increased circulation of geographical 

 periodicals previously established. 



From these publications, especially the Geographical Mag- 

 azine, Petermann's Mittheilungen, and Cosmos, a large por- 

 tion of the following summary has been compiled. 



In Petermann's Mittheilungen is given a review of the 

 cartography at the Centennial Exposition. From the fact 

 that maps and plans were shown in the departments of their 



