GEOGRAPHY. 201 



miles around these cataracts. Besides these falls, numerous 

 rapids and lesser falls were met with, in passing which, as 

 well as in battles with the natives, many of Stanley's follow- 

 ers lost their lives. 



Mr. Stanley reports that in 2 N". latitude the river Lu- 

 alaba changes its previous northerly course to northwest, 

 then to west, then to southwest a broad stream from two 

 to ten miles wide, and studded with numerous islands. 



In all, the expedition was obliged to fight thirty-two des- 

 perate battles in forcing its way down the Lualaba, although 

 some friendly tribes were met with. As the river approach- 

 es the Atlantic it is known as the Kwango and the Zaire. It 

 has an uninterrupted course of over fourteen hundred miles 

 through the great basin lying between 9 and 26 of E. lon- 

 gitude, and has many magnificent affluents, especially on 

 the southern side. Between this great basin and the Atlan- 

 tic Ocean is a broad belt of mountains, after passing which 

 the river descends by about thirty falls and furious rapids, 

 then forming the stream heretofore known as the Cons;o. 



On the 10th of August, 1877, the party, diminished and 

 exhausted, reached Embomma, on the Congo, a short dis- 

 tance from the mouth ; and shortly afterwards arrived at 

 the Portuguese settlement of St. Paul de Loando. 



Mr. Stanley's discoveries are discussed by Dr. Petermann 

 in the Mittheilungen for December, 1877. 



The English missionary stations on lakes Tanganyika and 

 Ukerewe afford most valuable starting-points and bases of 

 operation for scientific travellers, as has been proved by the 

 experience of Lieutenant Young at Livingstonia, the station 

 on Lake Nyassa. Parties from these stations are penetrat- 

 ing the country in various directions, and making scientific 

 observations. 



The new Geographical Society of Lisbon has awakened 

 great interest in Portugal regarding her African colonies, 

 too long given up to an ignorant and unworthy class of 

 half-breeds, who have prevented any real progress and have 

 fostered an illegal slave-trade. The government has lately 

 made a large appropriation towards a scientific exploration 

 and survey of the region between Angola and Mozambique, 

 to investigate the connections between the river systems of 

 the Con o*o and Zambesi. 



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