ZOOLOGY. 309 



fly, wheat-midge, chinch-bug, army-worm of the North, the 

 cotton army-worm, and the boll-worm. 



In the American Naturalist for July there is a critical no- 

 tice of a work in Russian, by Ganin, on the metamorphosis 

 of insects. The review has been prepared by Baron K. von 

 Osten-Sacken. 



Some attention has been lately paid to stridulation, or the 

 production of sound, in butterflies. Mr. A. H. Swinton finds 

 that the costal vein of Ageronia feronia, a Brazilian butter- 

 fly, is bare, smooth, and elevated, which, when the wings are 

 spread, is received into a concavity which is in every way 

 suited to act as a clasp, and is sonorous when the wings are 

 moved, while the whole apparatus represents the bristle and 

 catch that lock the wings of the moths. Vanessa antiopa 

 also stridulates. Mr. Swinton describes in the May number 

 of the Entomologist's 3Ionthly Magazine the various kinds 

 of apparatus in the moths, situated for the most part on the 

 sides of the thorax, while some are said by Westwood to 

 possess musical organs in the abdomen. 



Mr. M'Lachlan, in alluding to the Lepidoptera brought 

 home by the Arctic Expedition, says that the larvaa of most 

 of these species must of necessity require more than one sea- 

 son to acquire their full growth, for the short, fitful summer 

 was utterly inadequate for the full development of most of 

 the species ; and, furthermore, it was probable that the pupa 

 state might habitually last several years. 



Professor Westwood has noticed the habit, exceptional in 

 the family Stylojndce, of living as a parasite on a homopter- 

 ous insect. 



An important paper by Professor Plateau on the phenom- 

 ena of digestion in the harvestmen {Phalangium) brings out 

 the fact that the so-called liver of these animals, as well as 

 of spiders and Crustacea, is nothing else than the organ of 

 secretion of a digestive fluid intended for the emulsionizing 

 of grease and the dissolving of albuminoid substances. 



Professor Perez has studied the vitellogene cells of the 

 ovaries of insects which give nourishment to the true egg 

 cells of insects, as in certain Crustacea (IZevue Scientifique, 

 p. 1001). 



A new cave fauna, entirely distinct from that inhabiting 

 Mammoth and other caverns in Kentucky, Indiana, and Vir- 



