330 ANNUAL UECORD OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY. 



spores until they are exposed to the light. In a paper on 

 the species of Entomophtliora, the same writer states that 

 the fungus described by Cohn, in the " Beitrage zur Biolo- 

 oie," under the name of Tarichium is only the restinur-snore 

 stage oiEntomopldlwra radlcans. In concluding, he presents 

 a new view of the classification of fungi, which, while some 

 will complain of it as being too speculative, is in some re- 

 spects an improvement on the ordinary classification. Dr. 

 Hermann Bauke, in a thesis on the "Nature of Pycnidia," 

 shows, by means of cultures, that the view of Tulasne was 

 in the main correct, and that the pycnidia are in most cases 

 states of different Sphceriacece, although he admits there are 

 a few cases where the reverse is the case. "The Nature of 

 Spermatia" has formed the subject of a paper by Cornu in 

 the Annales des Sciences. He denies that the spermatia are 

 male organs, because he has succeeded in making them ger- 

 minate, which, as he thinks, proves that they are forms of 

 stylospores. The low group of fungi (or, if you please, alga?) 

 the Chytridiacece has of late been a favorite field of study ; 

 and new species and genera are described with uncomfort- 

 able frequency. In the second part of Volume II. of the 

 "Beitrage zur Biologie," Dr. Nowakowski describes a new 

 species, Polyphagus euglence y and Sorokin, in the Annales 

 des Sciences, has a paper on the vegetable parasites of the 

 Anguilluke. The subject of fermentation has been studied 

 by Brefeld in a third paper, in which he states that Mucor 

 racemosus and 31. stolonifer produce alcoholic fermentation, 

 although to a much less marked degree than the yeast plant. 



Lichens. 



New species of lichens have been described by Crombie 

 in England, and by Nylander and Arnold on the Continent. 

 The discussion as to the nature of lichens lias been carried 

 on by Winter and Minks in the different numbers of Flora, 

 and Nylander has in the same journal some notes on the dif- 

 ferent forms of Gonidia. The discussion between Drs. Win- 

 ter and Minks is acrimonious and even abusive, and the bo- 

 tanical public can hardly be said to feel much interest in this 

 personal matter. A very important paper, in two parts, has 

 been published by Dr. E. Stahl. In the first part, the struct- 

 ure of the organs of fructification in lichens is discussed. 



