BOTANY. 331 



Stahl regards the spermatid as male organs, in opposition to 

 the view of Cornu above stated, and he finds them attached 

 to a trichogyne-like organ. This is continued by Mr. George 

 Murray in the case of Collema 2)'dposum in the Journal of 

 Botany. Stahl believes that the process of fertilization in 

 lichens is very similar to that in the EloridecB, or red sea- 

 weeds. In the second part, Stahl relates his experience in 

 cultivating lichens from the spores in connection with free 

 gonidia. The species studied were Endocarpon pitsillum, 

 T/telldium minutulum, and Polyblastia rugulosa. The first 

 two species Stahl was able to cultivate until they produced 

 new spores. He also succeeded in making Thelidium grow 

 upon the gonidia of Endocarpon. This is the first success- 

 ful attempt to produce the fruit of a lichen by sowing the 

 spores with gonidia; and Stahl's experiments go far towards 

 strengthening the view of Sehwendener that lichens are 

 fungi parasitic on certain algae. It is announced that here- 

 after, in Just's Jahresbericht, the lichens will not be kept as 

 a separate department, but merged with the Asco my cetes. 



Algae. 



A paper by Dr. Wittrock on the "Development and Sys- 

 tematic Arrangement of the Pithophoraceae" gives the char- 

 acters of an order of green algae, which closely resemble the 

 (Jladophorce. A series of papers by Dr. Kjellman on the 

 alga? of Spitsbergen, Nova Zembla, and other northern re- 

 gions is an important contribution to our knowledge of the 

 arctic marine flora. In Nova Zembla, Dr. Kjellman remarks 

 the almost entire absence of a litoral vegetation. Al^ae from 

 the Adriatic have been described by Hauck in the Austrian 

 Journal of Botany. A well-prepared set of alga?, principally 

 fresh-water, from Sweden, by Xordstedt and Wittrock, has 

 been offered for sale. In the way of development of algae 

 we have to mention a careful paper by Janczewski, in the 

 Proceedings of the Cherbourg Society, on the " Development 

 of the Cystocarp in Florideae." The development of Bo- 

 trydium granulation has been studied by llostafinsky and 

 "Woronin, and it is described and figured in the Botanische 

 Zeitung. This plant finally produces zoospores with two 

 cilia which conjugate with one another; but there are also, 

 in some stages, zoospores which do not conjugate. The de- 



