222 DIFFERENTIATION AND SPECIFICITY OF STARCHES. 



end flationod, ixnf^ulur, and squared. Hilum usually toward the narrow, thick end. As a rule, only 

 a few of the innermost laniellir are complete; all the outer ones apix-aring incomplete. On drying, 

 the grain usually develops a cleft, coinciding with its greatest plane, which is visible from the narrow 

 aspect. From the broad aspect several fissures are seen radiating from the hilum chiefly toward 

 the distal margin; instead of the latter, one longitudinal or one transverse slit, or both combined, 

 occasionally are observed. Pure types of the grain rarely occur, they are usually found mingled 

 with others, mostly with the cone-shaped type (tyjje 7), less frequently with the rod-shaped type 

 (type 9), and the inverted cone-shaped type (type 6). 



Erythronium dens-canis Linn. (Liliaceoc.) Dry bulb scales. Grains wedge-shaped from the broad 

 aspect, rounded circumference, 0.6 to 1.5 times as Ijroad as long; cone-shaped from the narrow 

 aspect; hilum end is thickened, often somewhat protruding, the distal end is usually curved; 

 laraellce none, or very delicate; instead of the hilum a small cavity may be observed from 

 which several delicate fissures emerge; eccentricity about one-ninth. Length about 34/x. 



Tulipa gesneriana Linn. {Liliacew.) Fresh bulb scales. Grains rounded, cuneiform, almost as broad 

 as long; lamellse and hilum about three-fifths as thick as broad, and are rarely distinct; eccen- 

 tricity about one-ninth. Length about 30/i, width about 27jjl. According to Raspail the 

 size may reach 50^. 



Tulipa sylvestris Limi. (Liliaccce.) Fresh bulb scales. Grains rounded-triangular or oval-cunei- 

 form, and oval from the narrow aspect, elongated-conical, usually one-half to two-thirds as 

 broad as long; compressed to about one-fourth or more of their \vidth, hilum end often some- 

 what protruding and thickened, lamellae and hilum delicate or indistinct, eccentricity about 

 one-tenth. Length about 50^1. The smaller grains are usually oblong, and formed like little 

 oval rods. 



Frilillaria meleagris Linn. (Liliacew.) Scales of dry bulbs. Grains oval or rounded-triangidar, 

 occasionally somewhat protruding at the hilum end; the broader ones compressed to about 

 one-half; the distal end of equal thickness or somewhat thicker than the hilum end; lamellae 

 delicate; occasionally a cavity, rarely with several short very delicate radial fissures, is found 

 instead of the hilum; eccentricity about one-sixth. Length 21yu. 



Lilium candidwn Linn. Bulbes de Lis. (Liliaceoe.) Bulbs. ^According to Payen (Ann. Sc. Nat., 

 1838, II, p. 17; pi. 4, fig. 5), the grains are oval, or oval-triangular; almost twice as long as 

 broad; lamellae delicate; hilum, which is sometimes double, at the narrow end; eccentricity 

 about one-tenth. Length about ll.'j^u. The fully developed grains are irregular and often 

 rough, with fissures radiating from the hilum. 



Liliuvi bulbiferum Linn. (Liliacew.) Bidbs. According to Scbleiden (Grundzuge, 3d ed., auf. 183, 

 fig. 7), the grains are musscl-shell-shapcd and broader than long; from the small aspect they 

 are oval; lamella; and hilum distinct; eccentricity one-fifth to one-sixth. 



Muscari bolryoides Mill. (Liliacew.) Scales of dry bulbs. Grains rounded, mostly with triangular, 

 rarely rhomboid or irregular, outlines; 0.75 to 1.33 as broad as long; compressed, and from the 

 narrow aspect, conical in form; thinner toward the distal end, or at times of equal thickness; 

 lamellae usually distinct, but delicate; sometimes a small cavity instead of a hilum; eccentric- 

 ity about one-sixth; from the narrow aspect, a longitudinal slit is usually present. Length 

 about 30/i. 



Hyacinthus orientalis Linn. (Liliacew.) Scales of fresh bulbs. Grains oval, cuneiform, triangular, 

 more or less irregular, frequently -with protruding angles; the distal end, wliich is thinned 

 and squared, is as Inroad as, or broader, than the hiliun end; lamelUe more or less distinct; 

 hilum at the thicker end; eccentricity about one-fifth. Length about 45/i. Some semi- 

 compound (see type 11) and compound grains arranged in 1 to 2 rows (see type 13). Simple 

 grains were almost exclusively found by Payen (Ann. Sc. Nat., 1858, ii, p. 22). 



Scilla aulumnalis Linn. (Liliacew.) Scales of dry bulbs. Grains rounded, oval, and triangular; 

 instead of the liilum a small cavity with single short fissures may frequently be observed at 

 the thicker end; about one-fourth eccentric. Length about 24yu. These are transition forms 

 to the cone-shape (type 7). 



Dioscorea batatas Desne. (Dioscoreacew.) Fresh tubers. Grains rounded, rounded pear-shaped, usu- 

 ally with 3 to 4 and 5 rounded angles, frequently somewhat irregular; 0.5 to 1.5 times as broad 

 as long; compressed to about one-half to one-tbird of their nidth; from the narrow aspect 



