22G DIFFERENTIATION AND SPECIFICITY OF STARCHES. 



incomplete; hilum in the protruding blunt end, one-eighth to one-thirteenth eccentric; no 

 fissures in the dry grains. Length about 120^, width 20 to SO/u. Some grains with projec- 

 tions on the surface; others with 2 groups of lamcllsc, the longitudinal axis of which changes 

 from to 180. Semi-compound grains are present with 2 to 3 hila Ij'ing next to each other 

 at the hilum end ; also some compound grains. 



Carina limbata Rose. Fresh root-stock. Grains rounded, oval, oblong, and conical; frequently 

 irregular obliquely angular; half to as broad as long; the broad ones compressed to about 

 one-half their wdth; lamella; and hilum frequently indistinct. Length about 95^. Some 

 grains with an inner group of lamellae. Some semi-compound grains with 2 or more hila 

 lying behind one another; and also compound grains are present. 



Carina lanuginosa Bosc. Fresh root-stocks. Grains oval; very seldom elliptical, or 3, 4, or 5 angular, 

 with blunt angles ; one-half to almost as broad as long; slightly compressed; lamella? numerous, 

 complete; hilum in narrow, often wart-like protruding upper end; eccentricity one-thirtieth 

 to one-fortieth. Length about lOOfi. Compound and semi-compound grains are present. 

 The latter with 2 to 3 small components at the proximal end, rarely in the center (in this 

 case the grains are small, about 4 times as long and almost as thick as broad). 



Canna coccinea Ait. Fresh root-stock. Grains similar to preceding; one-half to fully as broad as 

 long; the broader portion compressed to about half the width; the smaller are terete; no 

 fissures after desiccation. Length IQix. Several semi-compound grains with 2 to 3 hila lying 

 beside one another are present; and also compound grains with components arranged in one 

 row (see type 13). The African arrowToot (of Canna coccinea, according to Berg, Pharma- 

 cognosie, 483) grains are sheath-shaped, ovoid, or elongated, provided with distinct lamella, 

 and hila located below one another. Frequently two grains grow together, which often 

 reach twice the length of the potato starch-grain. 



Canna lagunensis Lindl. Fresh root-stock. Grains oval, rounded, oblong, more or less pear-shaped 

 or almost violin-shaped, chiefly irregular, and often somewhat curved or oblique; mostly 

 about one-half as broad as long; the smaller ones terete, the broader ones compressed to 

 about one-half or more of their width; lamellae very numerous, incomplete; hilum frequently 

 indistinct, located at the narrow, sometimes projecting, wart-like end, about one-fortieth to 

 one-seventh eccentric. In many grains an inner lanceolate or spindle-shaped ladder-like 

 group of lamellae extend from the hilum towards the distal end, to more than one-half to 

 two-thirds the length of the grain. In the symmetrical grains it has a median and in the 

 oblique and curved grains a lateral position. Semi-compound grains with two or more 

 part-grains lying in a row are present; in addition there arc compound grains with part- 

 grains in one row (see type 13), and also some which consist of one large and one or two 

 small components. 



Canna indica var. aureo-vittata Hort. Fresh root-stocks. Grains oval or oblong; rarely triangular 

 or spindle-shaped; one-third to two-thirds as broad as long; the broadest ones compressed to 

 half their width; lamelliE distinct, almost all of them incomplete; hilum end narrowed, or 

 broad and rounded; hilum about one-twelfth, rarely one-twentieth, eccentric; occasionally 

 a few short fissures radiate from the hilum. Length about 130;^. Semi-compound and com- 

 pound grains, both consisting of 2 to 3 components, are rarely present. 



Canna cubensis Hort. Fresh root-stock. Grains as above, sometimes the proximal (hilum) end pro- 

 truding and blunt. Length about 80/x. There are some grains which have a special internal 

 system of lamellae. 



Canna heliconiwfolia Hort. berol. Grains distinguished for their very irregular shape; strongly 

 compressed; with lamellae. Length 65/i. Many semi-compound grains are present having a 

 row of components along one margin. 



Canna edulis Ker. According to Fritsche (Poggendorf's Annal., 1834, xxxii, 141 ; Taf. ii, 37-39), the 

 grains are much flattened, almost as broad as long; lamellae distinct; several semi-compound 

 grains with 2 or more components. According to Leon Soubeiran (Journ. Phar., 1854, xxv, 

 179), some of the grains are very small, spherical or oval ; others pear-shaped, circular, rounded 

 or imperfectly triangular; the larger ones strongly compressed; lamellae and hilum distinct. 

 Size 40 to 80 or 90/u. According to the drawings, the grains are twice as long as broad, and 

 have numerous tubercular prominences and depressions on their margins. The hilum is 

 very eccentric, and is found at the narrow end. 



