248 DIFFERENTIATION AND SPECIFICITY OF STARCHES. 



Lilium bulbiferum Linn. (Liliacca;.) Fresh endosperm or unripe seeds. Grains rounded, rounded- 

 triangular, oval, elliptical, shortened-conical; two-thirds (rarely one-half) to as broad as 

 long. Length about lO/i, width T/x. Starch quite plentiful, little oil, and much protoplasm 

 are found in the thick-walled cells. 



Sparganium nutans Limi. (Typhaceoe.) Dry seed endosperm. Grains rounded, oval-elliptical, short- 

 ened-conical, frequently somewhat irregular; three-fifths to as Inroad as long, the broad ones 

 slightly compressed, many with a cavity. Size 7 to 8;u. Among the above are some doublets 

 and triplets with parts almost equal. 



Quercus pedunculata Willd. (Cupuliferce.) Dry cotyledons. Grains rounded or oval, sometimes 

 irregularly angular with blunt angles; frequently slightly compressed; two-thirds to three- 

 fourths as thick as broad; the hilum and very delicate lamellse are rarely distinct; eccentricity 

 about one-fom-th. Size about 29fi. Compound grains of few mostly unequal components. 

 (Type 15.) 



Quercus cerris Linn. {Cupuliferce.) Dry cotyledons. Grains rounded, oval, shortened-conical, fre- 

 quently more or less irregular; lamellae indistinct; instead of the hilum a small cavity toward 

 the thicker end is frequently observed; eccentricity usually one-half, rarely one-third and 

 one-foiu-th; frequently one or two slits with delicate, radiating fissures are found. Size about 

 26m. Isolated compound grains of few components also observed. 



Quercus ilidfolia Wangh. (Cuptdiferoe.) Dry cotyledons. Grains as in both of the preceding species; 

 the greatest number are oval. Size 17 to 18m. 



Castanea vesca Gart. (Cupuliferce.) Fi-esh and dry cotyledons. Grains rounded, triangular and 

 quadrangular with rounded angles, oval, shortened-conical, frequently irregTilar; half to as 

 broad as long; the broad ones slightly compressed; lamellte are invisible, or very delicate; 

 hilum in the fresh grains frequently indistinct. After desiccation, instead of the hilum, 

 either a small cavity or occasionally a delicate triangular slit is observed, which is either 

 central or toward the thicker margin. Size about 20m, rarely 27m. Many grains are trian- 

 gular, thickened at the end in which the hilum is located, and thinned and squared at the 

 opposite end. These belong to the cuneiform type (type 8). Among the above are some 

 semi-compound grains, also some doublets and triplets, the components of which are usually 

 unequal. Size of the separated-grains is about 10m. 



Fagus sylvatica Linn. var. pendula. (Cupuliferce.) Dry cotyledons. Grains spherical, the larger 

 ones occasionally somewhat irregular; many have a small central cavity. Size about 6m. 



Forestiera acuminata Poir.; Borya acuminata Willd. {Oleacece.) Dry cotyledons. Grains rounded 

 or oval, frequently angular or irregular. Size about 7m. Rather rich in starch, besides much 

 oil. Only oil is found in the endosperm. 



Cinnamomum ceylanicum Nees. (Lauraceoe.) Dry seed endosperin. Grains spherical to oval with 

 single radial fissures. Size 15 to 18m. Also some compound grains of 2 to 4 equal compo- 

 nents are observed. Oil and starch appear to be present in equal quantities. 



Apollonias canariensis Nees. (Lauracece.) Dry cotyledons. Grains rounded, conical, oblong and 

 elongated spindle-shaped, frequently somewhat irregular. Size about 7m. 



Agathophyllum aromalicum Willd. {Lauracece.) Dry cotyledons. Grains spherical, rarelj' somewhat 

 angular, frequently with a small central cavity. Size about 13m. Some compound grains of 

 2 to 4 equal components are also present. 



Hernandia sp. (Lauracew.) Dry cotyledons. Grains rounded or angular. Size about 5m, rarely 

 more. Some starch and much oil; seeds probably not entirely ripe. 



FlumbaginacecB. Seed endosperm. The starch-grains (only those in ripe, dry seeds were examined) 

 entirely fill the cells. They are rarely rounded, usually either blmatly angular, or more often 

 polyhedral with sharp edges and angles, thus completely resembling separated-grains. No 

 compound grains were noticed even within cells, so that in all probability they are all simple 

 and have become flattened as result of pressiue; even the small ones (2m) sometimes show 

 an angular structure. In all likelihood the grains belong to the centric-spherical or oval 

 type. 



Armeria formosa Hort. (PlumbaginacecB.) Dry seed endosperm. Grains polyhedral, usuallj' with 

 sharp edges and angles, frequently irregular; two-fifths to as broad as long; frequently with 

 a rounded or oblong cavity from which sometimes radial fissures emerge. Size 15 to 18m. 



