254 DIFFERENTIATION AND SPECIFICITY OF STARCHES. 



and those constituting type 14. Some simple tornloid or indented grains also occur similar 

 to those in Maranta raniosissima (p. 229), but smaller (about 11 to 14/i), and only slightly 

 compressed. 



Heliconia sp. (Musacece.) Dry seed endosperm. Grains rounded-oval to oblong, sometimes curved, 

 often irregular, frequently somewhat toruloid; one-fourth to almost as broad as long; the 

 broad ones slightly compressed. Some appear to be simple grains; in the majority of them 

 several (2 to 12 or more) cavities are noted. Length about 17/i, width about lOjit. These 

 grains stand between those of the Maranta species and Thalia dealbata. 



Piper. {Piperacece.) Seed endosperm. Besides the ordinary compound grains wth numerous 

 components, there are some whose components are completely fused, as in type 16. 



Type 13. Grains Compound, in One or Two Rows. 



Components 3 to 11; form a compound grain; arranged in 1 or 2 rows separated by clefts, and 

 at maturity falling away as separated-grains. These compound grains arise in two ways, either by 

 the repeated splitting of the hilum of an originally simple grain, or by the fusion of a number of 

 originally separate grains lying next to each other in an elongated chloroplast (as in Chara). In 

 the latter case they may for some time partially or entirely retain their green color. 



Chara hispida Linn. {Algw.) Fresh cells of the internodes. Compound grains oblong or rod-shaped; 

 one-fifth to one-half as broad as long; usually slightly compressed; consisting of 2 to 8 almost 

 equal components. Length about 34;^, ^vidth about 9/i. Components in two rows ^vith over- 

 lapping ends; two-fifths to two-thirds as broad as long; without lamellte. Length 8 to 16^. 

 The starch-grains which originate in the chloroplast are originally green and later become 

 colorless. 



Hyacinthus orientalis Linn. (Liliacew.) Fresh scales of the bulbs. Compound grains oval to lanceo- 

 late; one-half to one-third as broad as long; consisting of 2 to 8 imequal comjjonents. 

 Length about 35yu. Components are arranged in one or two rows; lamcUiB rare, delicate, 

 usually with a small central hilum; also simple cuneiform and semi-compound grains 

 are found. 



Carina lagunensis Lindl. {Cannacece.) Fresh root-stock. Compound grains, elongated to linear, 

 usually more or less curved; 3 to 8 times as long as broad; consisting of 3 to 11 usually un- 

 equal components arranged in 1 and sometimes in 2 rows. Length about 7yu. Components 

 with distinct or indistinct concentric lamellae, and either an almost central hilum or occa- 

 sionally with several hila, which are undergoing longitudinal transverse fission. Size 3 to 18/i. 

 Among these are .simple, eccentric compressed grains and semi-compound grains, as well as 

 all the intermediate transitional stages between these two. 



Canna pedmiculata Sims. (Cannacece.) Fresh root-stock. Compound grains oblong or lanceolate, 

 usually irregular, frequently curved; 2 to 6 usually unequally divided grains often arranged 

 in one row. Size of smallest components are 2 to 3 and of the largest 30/i.; in the latter the 

 lamellae are sometimes distinct and the hilum very eccentric. Also simple, eccentrically 

 compressed grains are found. 



Canna lanuginosa Bosc. (Cannacea;.) Fresh root-stock. Compound grains oblong or linear-lanceo- 

 late, usually irregular, frequently curved, occasionally compressed; 2 to 8 equal or 

 unequal components arranged in one row. Among these simple and semi-compound grains 

 are found. 



Canna coccinea Ait. (Cannacece.) Fresh root-stock. Compound grains oblong or linear-lanceolate, 

 usually irregular and frequently curved; 2 to 6 to 8 equal or unequal components arranged 

 either in one or rarely in two rows. Simple grains and all transitions to the semi-compound 

 ones are found. 



Fagopyrum esculentum; Polygonum fagopyrum Limi. (Graminaceoe.) Fresh and dry seeds. Compound 

 grains rounded, elongated, rod-shaped, sometimes curved or bent; frequently irregular; 

 angular or lobulate; 1 to 8 times as long as broad; the narrow ones terete, the broad ones 

 compressed; consisting of 2 to 15 components which are arranged in one or two rows, rarely 

 in more rows, or even in a simple layer. Length about 38^^, width about 20ai. Components 

 are homogeneous, or each have a central hilum. Size 4 to 10/x. Simple centric spherical 

 grains are also observed. 



