262 DIFFERENTIATION AND SPECIFICITY OF STARCHES. 



Triumfelia schimperi Hochst. {Tiliacecc.) Dry root. Compound grtiins rounded or oval; consist- 

 ing of 2 to 4 and 8 equal or unequal components, the majority fallen apart. Size about 15yu. 

 Separated-grains, size 3 to 9m; the larger ones have a small cavity or a slit. Also some simple 

 rounded grains are present. 



Canella alba Murray; Cortex canellce albce interior. (Canellaceoe.) Dry cortex. Compound grainsof 

 2 to 4 and 5 mostly equal components. Size about 9/i. Size of separated-grains Gfi; also 

 almost rounded simple grains, size 7ju, are observed. 



Hypericum elodes Linn. (Hypericacece.) Dry creeping root-stock. Compound grains almost round 

 or oval, consisting of 2 to 4 and 6 equal or imequal components. Size about 19;u. Separateil- 

 grains, size 3 to IZ/i; most of them have a small cavity or a delicate cleft from which solitary 

 short delicate fissiu'es may radiate. Simple grains of incomplete formation are also found. 



Byrsonima crassifolia DC. (Malpighiaceoe.) Cortex.- Compound grains of 2 to 4 almost equal 

 components. Size about 25/i. Separated-gi-ains, size about 13^; homogeneous, almost solid. 

 Simple eccentric grains of incomplete formation are also observed. 



Krameria triandra R. P.; Ratanhiaivurzel krameriece. (Polygalacece.) Dry roots. Compound grains 

 of 2 to 4, rarely 6, almost equal components which are regularly arranged; rarely small com- 

 ponents adhere to a large one either upon one side or upon the two opposite sides, elongated 

 curved doublets are mostly found. Size about 35/i. Separated-grains rounded to oval; 

 occasionally slightly compressed; usually homogeneous; rarely with indistinct lamellae; 

 usually solid; rarely, instead of the hilum, a small cavity is located at the narrow arched end, 

 about one-foiu-th eccentric, from which short radial fissures occasionally proceed. Simple 

 eccentrically elongated grains are also found. 



Manihot utilissi7na Pohl.; Jatropha manihot Linn. (EupJiorbiacece.) Tapioca, cassava starch, Brazilian 

 arrowroot. From the root. Separated-grains semi-spherical to oval, occasionally 3 to 4, 

 more rarely 5, angles with one curved surface and 1 to 5 and 7 pressure facets; the larger 

 ones have one or several delicate lamelte; instead of the hilum, usually a small cavity about 

 one-half eccentric is observed, frequently with single, short, radial fissures. Size 2.5 to 25;u. 

 Compound grains have all disappeared; they evidently consisted of 2 to 8 partly equal or 

 partly unequal components (several small components adhere to a single large one). Among 

 the starch-grains above described are mingled simple grains which are oval, strongly com- 

 pressed, and have delicate lamelke and eccentric hilum. Size 50 and 60/i. These resemble 

 the grains of Curcuma zedoaria. They probably belong to Curcuma starch (Tikmehl). 

 Other species of tapioca which are somewhat changed by means of heat: Separated-grains, size 

 17 to 50^i; lamellae rarely distinct; with a central or slightly eccentric, often large, cavity, 

 from which two fissures pass out and embrace a conical substance or a dense, almost round, 

 granule within the cavity. Only a few compound grains of 2 to 4 almost equal components 

 are still present. Also a few simple grains, spherical or oval-spherical, with concentric 

 lamellae, or with a central cavity, are observed. 



Pachysandra procumbens Michx. (Euphorbiacece.) Dry root-stock. Compound grains of 2 to 4 

 almost equal components. Separated-grains, size 3 to llyu; the larger ones have a small 

 cavity. Some simple grains, spherical and roimded-t)val, size about 12;u. This specimen 

 is poor in starch. 



Epilobiurn hirsutum Linn. (Onagracece.) Dry stolo7is. Compomid grains of 2 to 4 and 6 components 

 which are frequently equal. Size about 21/^. Separated-grains, size 4 to 13fi; instead of the 

 hilum, a small central or about one-half eccentric cavity is observed, from which delicate 

 fissures radiate to the corners. 



Myriophyllum verticillatum Linn. (Haloragacece.) Base of dry rooted stem,s. Compound grains of 

 2 to 4 almost equal components; size about 15^. Separated-grains, size 4 to 9yu; mostly with 

 a cavity. Also simple giains of incomplete formation are observed. 



Pyrus -malus Linn. (Rosacece.) Fresh ptdp of the fruit. Com])ouud grains of 2 to 4 usually equal 

 components. Siz(! aljout lOyu. Comjioncnts with indistinct, small, almost central hilum. 

 Size 4 to 11/i. Also a few simple spherical grains are present. 



Comarum paluslre Linn. {Rosacea;.) Dry root-stock. Comjjoimd grains of 2 to 4 and 6 components 

 which are usually almost equal. Size about lOyu. So])arated-grains, size 2 to G/x; the larger 

 ones generally have a small cavity. Also simple grains, spherical or rounded-oval, are ob- 

 served; size about 8>i. 



