270 DIFFERENTIATION AND SPECIFICITY OF STARCHES. 



Galanlhus nivalis Linn. (Amaryllidacca.) Fresh bulb. Compound grains consisting mostly of 1 

 large and 1 to 8 small components. Size of the former about 25/i, of the latter 2 to 5/i. Simple 

 eccentric-cuneiform grains are also observed. Small components (part-grains) are cut off 

 from the angles and the distal margin of these cuneiform grains; these components when 

 very numerous usually form one or two transverse rows; very rarely do they show an irregu- 

 lar arrangement. 



Canna Infjimcvsis Lindl.; Canna pedunculata Sims; Canna sp.; Canna warszewiczii. (Cannacece.) 

 Fresh roof-stock. Compound grains consisting of one large and several (2 to 10) small com- 

 ponents. The latter are usually cut away from the distal end, rarely from the lateral surfaces. 

 Length of the large component about 117 ix, width about 75ju. Diameter of the small compo- 

 nent 3 to 5fjL. Simple eccentrically compressed grains are also found. 



Arum 7naculatum Linn. {Aroidecc.) Fresh root-stock. Compound grains roimd or oval, usually 

 obtuse-angular and irregular; consisting of 2 to 10 components which are sometimes equal 

 but usually unequal, and often irregularly arranged. Size about 23/u. Separated-grains 

 with one curved surface and several pressure facets, usually with sharp corners; lamellae none; 

 rarely with a distinct hilum, size of the more polyhedral separated-grains about 9ju, and of 

 the semi-spherical or oval ones about 15/^. A few simple spherical grains are also present. 



Ariwi ternalum Thumb. {Arddece.) Fresh root-stock. Compound grains consisting of 2 to 10 com- 

 ponents which are mostly unequal, and often irregularly arranged. Separated-grains usually 

 without lamella;, though occasionally a few delicate ones are present; hilum is generally visible 

 and often with 2 to 3 short, radial fissures. Size of the separated-grains 5 to 2ifi. Also a few 

 simple spherical grains are found. 



Typha minima Hoppe. (Typhacece.) Dry root-stock. Compound grains consisting of 2 to 12 and 20 com- 

 ponents which are occasionally equal, though more frequently imequal. Size about 15/i. Size of 

 the separated-grains 1.6 to Syu. Isolated simple round grains are also present; size about 9;u. 



Sagus rumphii Willd. (Palmacew) and other palms. Sago from the pith of the stem. According to 

 Schleiden (Grundzuge, 3 Aufl., i, 186), the grains are compound by means of several small 

 ones adhering to one large one. 

 The sago flour which has not been changed by heat consists princijjally of separated-grains; length 

 65/i, width about 50/z; about 0.66 to 2. .5 times as long as broad; the narrow ones terete, the 

 wider ones slightly compressed; instead of the hilum, a small cavity is observed, mostly with a 

 cross-fissure, occasionally with radial fissures; about one-fourth to one-sixth eccentric; lamellae 

 numerous, but delicate and indistinct. The larger separated-gi-ains have 1 to 3 pressure facets 

 at the distal end, since these small components have been cut off at this end. Only a few com- 

 pound grains are present; they consist of 1 large and 1 to 3 small components. A few simple 

 gi-ains also occur, resemljling the larger separated-grains but without pressure facets; length 

 about 70//, width about 55/^; roimded, conical, oblong, or triangular, broader at the distal end; 

 two-thirds to almost 3 times as long as broad; the broader ones slightly compressed; from the 

 narrow longitudinal aspect they are sometimes thicker, sometimes thinner, towards the distal 

 end. All eccentric forms are represented among the simple and the separated-grains, namely, the 

 inverted-conical, the conical, and the flattened forms ; but generally they are without pronounced 

 features; the gi-eatest number, however, belong to the eccentric rod-shaped tj^pe {type 9). 



Peperomia monostachya R. P. (Piperaceoe.) Dry root-slock. -Grains compound, of 2, 3, rarely 4, 

 mostlj' imcqual components. Size about 21fi. Separated-grains, size 5 to 15ju; the larger 

 ones have a small central cavity from which several radial fissures proceed. 



Polygonum aviculare Linn. (Polygonacece.) Dry root. Compound grains consisting of 2 to 4 and 6 

 (f)mponents which are occasionally equal, more frequently imequal, most of which have 

 fallen apart. Size 10 to 13//. Size of the separated-grains at)f)ut 7^; usually with a small or 

 liirge cavity. Also simple grains of incomplete formation are jircsent. 



Polygonum convolvulus Linn. {Polygonacece.) Dry root. Compound gi-ains consisting of two to 

 four components of different sizes. Size about llfi. Separated-grains, size about Qn. Also 

 simple grains of incomplete formation are present. 



Rumex acetosa Linn. {Polygonacece.) Dry root-stock. Compound grains round to elongated-oval 

 and conical, consisting of 2 to 4, rarely 6, components which are occasionally equal, though 

 more frequently unequal. Size about 12/u. Separated-grains, size 2 to S/x; the larger ones 

 have a cavity. Simi:)le grains of incomplete formation are also observed. 



