274 DIFFERENTIATION AND SPECIFICITY OF STARCHES. 



only separated-griiins arc found since tlie compound grains had fallen apart already within the cells 

 or during the preparation. In such cases some doubt may exist as to whether the polyhedral forms 

 are simjjle grains changed liy pressure, or whether they are separatcd-grains. Such cases must be 

 decided by the life-history, or if that is lacking, by their analogy to related genera and species. 

 Good examples may be found in the seeds of Chenopodiacece, Amarantacew, and Caryophyllacew. 



Arundo donax Linn. {Graminacew.) Fresh root-stock. Compound grains rounded, granular, con- 

 taining about 200 components; size 11/x. Separated-grains rounded or rounded-angular, 

 rarely polyhedral; the larger ones have a small central cavity; size 0.7 to 6^. 

 Crocus vermis All. (Iridacece.) Fresh bulbs. Compound grains spherical, elongated-oval, consist- 

 ing of 2 to 20 equal components; size about 20/i. Separated-grains usually polyhechal with 

 acute angles; without lamellifi or hilum; size 2 to 9ai. 

 Cypripedium calceolus Linn. (Orchidacece.) Dry root-stock. Compound grains spherical or oval, 

 consisting of 10 to 20 and 40 components; size about lO/x. Separated-grains, size L5 to 5/j; 

 usually rounded-angular, compressed to about one-half their width. 

 Dorstenia brasiliensis Liim.; Radix conlrajervoe. (Artocarpacew.) Dry root-stock. Compound grains 

 spherical or oval-spherical, consisting of 2 to about 50 equal components; size about 14/i. 

 Separated-grains, size 2.5 to G and 7m; rounded-angular or polyhedral; the larger ones have a 

 small central cavity. Simple grains of incomplete formation are also present. 

 Dorstenia contrajerva Linn. (Artocarpaceoe.) Dry root-stock. Compound grains spherical or oval, 

 consisting of 2 to 40 and 60 eqi:al or unequal components; size aljout 12 to 14/i. Separated- 

 grains; size 1.8 to 7m; rounded-angular or polyhedral; the larger ones hollow. Simple spher- 

 ical grains are also found. 

 Chiococca racemosa Linn. (Caincaroot). (Rubiacece.) Dry root-stock. Compound grains rounded to 

 sometimes rather irregidar, granular or reticulate, consisting of about 70 components; size 

 about 18m- Separated-grains size 2 to 6(u; rounded or polyhedral; the larger ones hollow. 

 Isolated compound grains have an appearance similar to a delicate parenchyma, which is 

 due to the fusing of the components and the cavities being separated from one another by 

 homogeneous walls, similar to the starch-grains found in type 12. 

 ChrysophyUum ghjcyphlceum Casar.; Cortex monesice. (Sapotacece.) Dry bark. Compound grains 

 spherical or oval, consisting of 2 to about 60 components; size about lO/j. Size of the sepa- 

 rated grains 2 to 5ai (not easily separated). Simple spherical or oval grains are also present. 

 Podophyllum peltatum Linn. (Berbcridacece.) Dry root-stock. Compound grains reticulated or 

 merely granular, consisting of 3 to 20 and more components; size about IO/jl. Separated- 

 gi-ains, size 2 to 4ju; roinnled-angular. Simple grains of incomjiletc formation also present. 

 It is difficult to decide wlu^ther many of the grains are simple or sejiarated grains. 

 Epimcdimn alpinum Linn. {Berberidacece.) Dry root-stock. Compound grains spherical or oval, 

 sometimes slightly angular and irregidar, reticulated or granular, consisting of 3 to 500 and 

 more components; size about 15^. Separated-grains size 1.5 to 7m ; the smaller ones rounded, 

 larger ones polyhedral. 

 Epimediunimacra7ithu7nLmd\. (Berberidacew.) Dry root-stock. Compound grains spherical, oval, con- 

 ical, rarely somewhat angular as a result of pressure, granular, consisting of 12 to more than 

 2000 components; size about 17//. Separated-grains, size 1 to 2m; round or rounded-angular. 

 Ayenia piisilla Linn. (Stercidiacew.) Dry roots. Compound grains rounded or oval, consisting of 

 2 to about 40 usually equal components; size about 17m. Separated-grains frequently have a 

 small cavity; size 2 to 8m. Starch not plentiful. 

 Tribulus terrestris Linn. {Zygophyllacem.) Dry root. Separated-grains, size 3 to 8m; almost poly- 

 hedral, sometimes with a small cavity. Only a few intact compound grains are present, 

 consisting of 2 to 12 or more components, which are usually equal. Starch rather scarce. 

 Oxalis stricta Linn. {Oxalidacem.) Dry tap-root. Compound grains round or oval, consisting of 2 

 to 20 equal or unequal components; size about 15m. Separated-grains, size 3 to 9m; the 

 larger ones have a small cavity instead of a hilum, which is central or about one-half eccentric. 

 Ordbus tuberosus Linn. (Leguminosw.) Dry tubers of the root-stock. Compoimd grains round or 

 oval; consisting of 4 to 20 equal or unequal components; size about 13m. Separated-grains, 

 size 1.5 to 7m; the larger ones have instead of a hilum a small central or about one-half 

 eccentric cavity. 



