ANTS. 



bond which held mother and daughters together as a community was 

 from the first no other than that which binds human societies to- 

 gether the lioiid of hunger and affection. The daughter insects in 

 the primitive colony became dependent organisms as a result of two 

 factors: inadequate nourishment and the ability to pupate very pre- 

 maturely. But this very ability seems to have entailed an incomplete- 

 ness of adult structure and instincts, which in turn must have con- 

 firmed the division of labor and thus tended to perfect the social 



organization. 



Ik- fore further discussing the problems suggested by this view of 

 the origin of the colony and the general subject of polymorphism, it 

 will be advisable to pass in review the series of different phases known 

 to occur among ants. This review will be facilitated by consulting 

 the accompanying diagram, in which I have endeavored to arrange 



Micraner 2 



^-s 



^* MALE 



Ph th is a tier Jf ~^ 



I 



Ergataner 



(Aner) 



. Macraner 



Dorylaner 



Gvnsecaner 



Ergatandromorph 



Gyiiandromorph 



Micrergate 



^ 



Pterergate 



Ergatogyne 



^r Mermi. -hergatf 



-^ 



acrogne 



Phthisergate 



-*-rlerergate 



,. (Ergates) Microgyne ^ fc ( G )' e ) ..., 



^ ^ Macrergate 



r*^ Phthisogyne 



Gynsecoid 



Dichtliadiigyne 



Desmergate 



I linergate 



the various phases so as to bring out their morphological relations 

 to one another. The phases ma)' be divided into two main groups, 

 the normal and the pathological. In the diagram the names of the 

 latter are printed in italics. The normal phases may be again divided 

 into primary or typical, and secondary pr atypical, the former com- 

 prising only the three original phases, male, female and worker, the 

 latter the remaining phases, which, however, are far from having the 



