'so ./ATS. 



thus more clearly represents the ancestral female of the species. This 

 type may therefore he called crgatotelic. The suppression of the 

 primary instincts in the queen honey-bee was undoubtedly brought 

 about by the change in the method of colony formation. When the 

 habit of swarming .superseded the establishment of colonies bv solitary 

 queens, as still practiced by the gynaecotelic insects, the primary in- 

 stincts of the female lapsed into abeyance or became latent. This 

 change took place so long ago that it has had time to express itself in 

 the structure of the queen honey-bee as compared with the worker 

 ( shorter tongue and wings, feebler sting, degenerate structure of hind 

 legs, etc. ). 



The first of the following examples, which seem to indicate the 

 occurrence of instinctive prior to morphological differentiation, shows 

 at the same time how the ergatotelic type of the honey-bee may have 

 arisen from tbe gynaecotelic type of the social wasps and bumble-bees. 



1. The queens of certain species of Formica (F. rnfa, e.rscctoidcs, 

 etc. ) , are no longer able to establish colonies without the cooperation 

 of workers. The common method of colony formation among these 

 insects is by a process of swarming like that of the honey-bees : a cer- 

 tain portion of the colony emigrates and founds a new nest with one 

 or more queens. When this method is impracticable the young queen 

 seeks the assistance of an allied species of Formica (F. fusca), the 

 workers of which are willing to take the place of her own species in 

 rearing her brood. In F. rufa and c.vsectoides there is nothing in the 

 stature or structure of the queen to indicate the presence of these 

 parasitic instincts, but, in many of the allied species like F. ciliata, 

 inicrogyiia, etc., the colonies of which are smaller and no longer swarm, 

 or do so only to a very limited extent, the queens have become more 

 dependent on the workers of other species of Formica and have devel- 

 oped mimetic characters or a dwarf stature to enable them to enter and 

 exploit the colonies of their hosts. 



2. In many ants the callows, or just hatched workers, confine them- 

 selves to caring for the larvae and pupae and do not exhibit the foraging 

 instincts till a later period. Rut even adult workers may perform 

 a single duty in the colony fpr long periods' of time, if not indefinitely. 

 Thus Lubbock ( 1894) and Viehmeyer ( 1904) have observed in certain 

 Formica colonies that only certain individuals forage for the com- 

 munity. The latter has also noticed that certain individuals, indis- 

 tinguishable morphologically from their sister workers, stand guard at 

 the entrances. In other genera, like Camponotus, .Itta, Phcidolc, etc., 

 with species that have desmergates, the morphological differentiation 

 between foragers and guardians is still unsettled. It becomes com- 



