THE DRll'LR A\D LEGIOXARY A\'TS. 249 



Later Fabricius erected the genus Dorylns for it and a few other 

 species (1793). The worker of this species was first described by F. 

 Smith sixty-five years later (1858) as Typhloponc fnnctata. In 1880 

 Trimen discovered the female which proved to be similar to a couple 

 of insects that Gerstaecker (1872) had previously placed in the genus 

 Dichthadia. In 1887 Emery described and figured all three phases of 

 D. heh'olus (Fig. 141), and in a later paper (18956) gave good reasons 

 for supposing that Typhlopone levigata F. Smith, Diclithadia glabcrriina 

 Gerst., and Dorylns klugi Emery are merely the worker, female and male 

 respectively of a single species, which should be known asD. levigatns. 

 These forms have all been taken in Java, Sumatra and Borneo. Re- 

 cently Ern. Andre (1900) and Brauns (1903) have discovered the 

 dichthadiigynes of Dorylns (Anomma) nigricans and D. (Rlwginns) 

 finibriatns respectively, two African species of which the males and 

 workers were previously known. As nothing but males or workers of 

 many of the other species have been described, it is probable that the 

 discovery of the remaining phases will lead to considerable changes in 

 the synonymy. 



The habits of Dorylns have been observed by Smeathman, Savage 

 (1845), Trimen (1880), Unger, Green (19006), Forel i89Of), Perin- 

 guey, Emery (19056), Marshall, Brauns (1901), Vossler (1905, 1906), 

 Santschi (1908) and others. Most of the species are hypogaeic in their 

 habits, but those of the subgenus Anonnna live a more exposed life, 

 and one of these, A. arccns, a subspecies of nigricans, was made the 

 subject of the earliest and most detailed observations by Savage near 

 Cape Palmas, in West Africa. Smeathman, who first saw the armies 

 of these ants, concluded that they had no fixed habitation, but wan- 

 dered from place to place in long files. Savage confirms this suppo- 

 sition and describes the temporary nest in which they bivouac a 

 shallow depression under the roots of trees, shelving rocks or in any 

 situation that will afford shelter. They seem to construct no chambers 

 or galleries but merely take advantage of fissures in rocks or the crev- 

 ices under stones or in the soil. Their sorties are made only on cloudy 

 days or in the night, preferably in the latter, for they cannot endure 

 the direct or even the reflected rays of the sun. ' If they should be 

 detained abroad till late in the morning of a sunny day by the quantity 

 of their prey, they will construct arches over their path, of dirt agglu- 

 tinated by a fluid excreted from their mouth." While running under 

 thick grass, sticks, etc., they dispense with the arch. ' In cloudy days, 

 when on their predatory excursions, or migrating, an arch for the 

 protection of the workers, etc., is constructed of the bodies of their 

 largest class (soldiers). Their widely extended jaws, long slender 



