35 6 ANTS. 



corn, and when any one of these was placed where the ants could find 

 it, it was promptly captured by an ant and transported to the roots of 

 the corn. Observation showed that as soon as the ants running about 

 over the young corn plants found a winged aphis they made a burrow 

 about the- base of a plant, and soon domiciled the wanderer on the root 

 under their guardianship. Then when the aphis began to give birth 

 to young these were promptly removed to another part of the same 

 root, or to another root close by, and there watched over by the patient 

 and industrious ants. The same thing was observed going on about 

 a young plant of fox-tail grass in this same corn-field." 



8. Some writers have described the ants as facilitating the exit of 

 the winged sexual generation of aphids from their nests by opening up 

 galleries for this very purpose to the surface of the soil. 



i). Others (Lichtenstein, Mordwilko) have seen ants (Lasiiis n'ujcr, 

 flams and iiiiibratns) in the act of clipping off the wings of female 

 aphids. ^^Yhether this is done because these organs hinder the ants 

 from imbibing the honey-dew, or in order to prevent the escape of the 

 aphids from the nest, or for some other reason, has not been determined. 



10. The single structural adaptation which may, perhaps, have been 

 developed through association with aphids, coccids and membracids is 

 the greatly distensible crop of the Camponotinse. It is quite as prob- 

 able, however, that the peculiar properties of this organ may be due 

 to the habit of collecting and retaining large quantities of nectar or 

 other plant-secretions. 



Certain Fulgoridse, at least in Europe and North Africa, have inti- 

 mate relations with ants, according to the observations on species of 

 Issus, and especially of Tcttigometra, contributed by Rouget (1866), 

 Puton ( 1869), Lichtenstein (1870, 1880), Delpino ( 1872, 1875), Forel 

 (1890, 1894), Schneider (1893), Silvestri (1903), Lesne (1905) and 

 Torka ( 1905). Silvestri has studied T. impressifrons and T. costatus, 

 which live in the nests of Tapiiwnm nigerrimum. The young ful- 

 gorids which, like the radicicolous aphids and coccids, obtain their food 

 from roots and underground stems, furnish the ants with a sweet 

 liquid. This is not excrement, however, as in the case of the other 

 Ilomoptera above described, but, according to Silvestri, " a secretion 

 from cellular glands, distributed in areas on the following segments 

 of the body: dorsally two (/. e., one on each side of the median sagittal 

 plane) on the submedian portion of the prothorax, two on the sub- 

 median region of the second abdominal segment and two on the sub- 

 lateral portions of each abdominal segment from the third to the seventh 

 inclusive ; and ventrally, two on the lateral portions of the prothorax, 

 two on the median portion of the third abdominal segment and two 



