RELATIONS OF ANTS TO OTHER INSECTS. 357 



stiblaterally on each abdominal segment from the fourth to the seventh 

 inclusive." This author believes that the larvae of a Coccinellid beetle, 

 Hyperaspis reppensis, which live in the Tapinoma nests and are treated 

 by the ants as true myrmecophileSj feed on the Tettigometra. The 

 adult beetles, however, seem to be less indulgently regarded by the ants. 

 Torka finds that the larvae of T. obliqua, found in great numbers about 

 the roots of oats and rye, are assiduously attended by Formica cincrea 

 and Lasius nigcr. 



Perhaps further investigations will bring to light a number of cases 

 in which Heteropterous Hemiptera are attended by ants. One such 

 case, in fact, has been recorded, namely, a Ceylonese species of Cop- 

 tosoma which according to Green (1900) is attended by Cremastogastcr 

 in the same manner as the above described Homoptera. Wasmann 

 (1901) mentions the larvae of Neoblissus parasitastcr as living in the 

 nests of Solenopsis geininata in Brazil, but this may be a case of true 

 myrmecophily. 



The relations of ants to the caterpillars of the Lycsenid butterflies 

 have been repeatedly described by a number of observers : Freyer 

 (1836), Ploetz (1865), McCook (1877), W. H. Edwards (18780, 

 18786, 1884), Saunders ( 1878), Thwaits (1881), Miskin (1883 ), Auri- 

 villius (1884. 1887), Doherty (1886), Scudder (1888), de Niceville 

 (1888, 1889, 1890, 1900), von Aigner-Abafi (1898, 1899), Wroughton 

 (1892), Thomann (1901), Dodd (19020, 19026), Green (1902), Fro- 

 hawk (1904, 1906) and Viehmeyer (1907). The most comprehensive 

 accounts have been furnished by Edwards, de Niceville, Thomann and 

 Viehmeyer. No less than sixty-five species, representing twenty-nine 

 genera of Lyoenidae, are mentioned as having caterpillars that are 

 attended by ants. According to Yiehmeyer the list embraces twenty- 

 three species of Lycccna alone. The larvae of this and the allied genera 

 are somewhat depressed with rounded anterior and posterior ends arid 

 with the tense and highly sensitive skin covered with short, sparse hairs 

 (Figs. 210 and 211). As Guenee long ago (1867) showed for Lycccna 

 bcetica, these caterpillars possess three peculiar organs, one an un- 

 paired gland (a, .r} in the middorsal line of the antepenultimate, or 

 eleventh segment, and a pair of short protrusible tentacles on the 

 dorsolateral portions of the penultimate, or twelfth segment (M. The 

 median gland has the form of a sac or papilla which can be protruded 

 through a transverse, mouth-shaped slit, and each of the tentacles is 

 fringed at its tip with a dense circlet of stiff, finely plumose hairs 

 (Fig. 211, d, b'}. The ants caress the posterior, somewhat flattened 

 extremity of the caterpillar with their antennae as they do that of 

 the plant-louse, and the caterpillar responds by emitting from the 



