.L\TS. 



however, ha> recent 1\ M<p8) found that the fecundated European 

 saiii/niiicd behave> in precisely the same manner as rnbicnnda, and still 

 more recently ( i<)(>Hl>) Wasmann has repeated his experiments with 

 this -nine result. A number of experiments which I performed during 

 the -ummer of 1907 with queens of F. ascri'a and subintcyra showed 

 that these insects behave precisely like rubicunda (Wheeler, 1908/1. 



Although the young colony of sanguined resembles that of the tem- 

 porary parasites like F. consocians and tuncicola, it differs in one 

 important respect : the alien workers which it contains are younger, 

 whereas in the incipient colony of the temporary parasite, they are 

 older than the queen. Santschi (1906) therefore calls the former a 

 "pupillary," the latter a " tutelary" parasite. Wasmann and Santschi 

 believe that slavery has arisen from temporary parasitism, but although 

 I was the first to advance this opinion, I have been compelled to aban- 

 don it. Wasmann found that a colony of F. truncicola, which he has 

 shown to be a temporary social parasite in all essential particulars like 

 F. consocians, accepted and reared fitsca pupae placed in its nest. This, 

 however, is not dulosis. In order to establish his case he would have 

 to prove that the truncicola workers can also make periodical forays 

 on fitsca for the sake of capturing their young, and there is no more 

 evidence that truncicola can do this than there is of similar behavior 

 on the part of consocians. Santschi, if I understand him correctly, 

 believes that the saiujuinca colony restricts its forays to the scattered 

 fragments of the original fitsca colony from which the queen secured 

 her first supply of auxiliaries, and that the slave-making expeditions 

 cease when these fragments are exhausted. This assumption seems to 

 explain the fact that old sanguinea colonies are sometimes slaveless and 

 pure, like the adult colonies of consocians, truncicola, etc. It is, how- 

 ever, rendered highly improbable by the fact that both in Europe and 

 in North America sanguinea colonies not infrequently contain slaves 

 of two or more different species or varieties. There is also some evi- 

 dence that the same colony may have slaves of different species at 

 different times (see p. 472). The similarity between old sanguinea 

 colonies and adult colonies of temporary parasites like F. consocians 

 may be due to various causes : in the. slave-makers to a dearth of suit- 

 able nests to pillage, or adaptation to an independent life owing to 

 sufficiency of other food (dead insects, honey-dew, etc. ), or to a lapsing 

 of the predaceous instincts with age; in the temporary parasites the 

 purity of the colony is brought about, as has been shown, by a gradual 

 extinction of the tutelary workers. In my opinion both temporary 

 parasitism and dulosis have arisen independently from the practice of 

 F. rttfa and F. saiif/uinca of adopting fertilized queens of their own 



