I o.o ANTS. 



will also take up the pupae of the strange ants and carry them home. 

 In his more recent observations Forel found that the strange pup;e 

 thus brought in were carried out by the host workers and cast away. 

 This behavior and the fact that no one has witnessed a spontaneous 

 foray of huhcri, seem to indicate that these ants never voluntarily leave 

 the nest and pillage the Tetramorium colonies in their neighborhood. 

 It is probable, therefore, that the habits observed by Forel are vestigial. 

 In other respects, however, huhcri is less degenerate than the amazons, 

 for it occasionally excavates the soil. 1 



2. Strongylognathus afcr. This is merely a variety of hnbcri from 

 Spain and Algiers. It was originally described by Emery (1880) from 

 the female only. Forel discovered its colonies in Algiers and found 

 that they resemble those of the typical hnbcri in having numerous 

 workers. 



3. Strongylognathus christophi. Emery (18890) described this 

 subspecies from female specimens collected at Sarepta on the Volga. 

 Ruzsky (1905) has recently taken the workers at Turgai in western 

 Siberia and Astrachan. 



4. Strongylognathus rchbindcri. This robust variety of christophi 

 was found by Rehbinder (Forel, 19040) in a convent garden at New 

 Athos near the foot of the Caucasus. The workers were running along 

 a path, apparently carrying pups in their jaws. Forel believes that 

 they must have been on a foray. If this is true, we should have to 

 admit that Strongylognathus is still able to make forays on Tetra- 

 morium like those of the amazons on F. fusca, but we must await 

 further observations before accepting this inference. 



5. Strongylognathus cffdlicr. Only the male and female of this 

 form are known. It was based by Forel on specimens taken in Spain. 



6. Strongylognathus tcstaccns (Fig. 273, a and b). This species 

 is widely distributed in Europe and is not uncommon in certain por- 

 tions of Germany and Switzerland. Its habits have been studied by 

 Schenck (1852), von Hagens (1866), Forel (1874), Wasmann 

 (1891/2), Yiehmeyer (1906, 1908) and others. It is of a yellowish 

 color and distinctly smaller and feebler than hnbcri and its varie- 

 ties. Moreover, the workers are so much reduced in numbers as 

 to represent a mere vestige of their caste. Forel is, therefore, of the 

 opinion that they are on the verge of disappearing and leading to a 

 condition in which the species is represented by males and females 

 only. It is certain that these workers no longer make spontaneous 



1 During July, 1909, I found near Zermutt, in the valley of the Visp, seven 

 colonies of .V. hnbcri. Some experiments, performed on the largest of these, 

 confirmed Forel's conclusions. 



