SOME LEAF=MINERS. 



thirds white, the rest black, on oak. C. vagans, grayish 

 cylindrical case on grass. C. viburnella, flat brown case 

 with upper edge serrated on viburnum. 



Larvae of Batrachedra salicipomonella, in Cecidomyid and 

 Tentheredinid galls on willow leaves. 



Larvae of Antispila cornifoliella make blotch mines in 

 Cornus leaves; of A. viticordifoliella make orange-colored 

 blotch mines on wild grape ( Vitis cordifolia) leaves. 



Coptodisca, The larvae are leaf -miners and some, at 

 least, pupate in a case which they cut from the epidermis 

 of a leaf and attach to a tree trunk. C. lucifluella, on 

 hickory; C. ostryczfoliella, on ironwood; C. saliciella, on 

 willow; C. splendoriferella, on Crattzgus, apple, plum, and 

 wild cherry. 



Larvae of Mompha brevivittella and circumscriptella, in 

 seed-capsules of evening primrose; of M. eloisella, in stalks, 

 during winter, of the same plant. 



TlNEID/E 



Most of the larvae are leaf-miners, their life being passed 

 in tunnels between the upper and under surfaces of a 

 single leaf, which, however, they usually desert to pupate 

 in a tough cocoon on a twig or on the ground. The shape 

 of the mine, as seen through the leaf, and the kind of leaf 

 it is in are frequently quite characteristic of a given species. 

 The following definitions are taken from Comstock. See 

 also Plate LXII. The long, narrow, and more or less 

 winding mines are described as "linear mines." Some 

 of these are very narrow at their beginning and gradually 

 enlarge, resembling in outline a serpent; frequently the 

 larger end is terminated by a blotch-like enlargement 

 suggesting a head. Such mines are termed "serpentine 

 mines." Other mines that start from a narrow beginning 

 enlarge more rapidly and extend in a more or less regular 

 curve; these are "trumpet mines." The mines of many 

 species are mere disk-like blotches; these are referred to as 

 "blotch mines." In some of the blotch mines the epider- 

 mis of one side of the leaf is thrown into a fold by the 

 growth of the leaf; these are "tentiform mines." A 

 "tract mine" is merely a broad linear one. A "com- 



223 



