280 THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE 



Agnostic, and Aristotle the pagan biologist. Science 

 has no Test Acts. 



That the cultivation of the sciences tends to pro- 

 mote a type of culture that is democratic rather than 

 aristocratic, sympathetic rather than austere, inclu- 

 sive rather than exclusive, is further witnessed by 

 the fact that the tradesman and artisan, as well as 

 the dissenter, play a large part in their development. 

 We have seen that Pasteur was the son of a tan- 

 ner, Priestley of a cloth-maker, Dalton of a weaver, 

 Lambert of a tailor, Kant of a saddler, Watt of a 

 shipbuilder, Smith of a farmer. John Ray was, like 

 Faraday, the son of a blacksmith. Joule was a 

 brewer. Davy, Scheele, Dumas, Balard, Liebig, 

 Wohler, and a number of other distinguished chem- 

 ists, were apothecaries' apprentices. Franklin was 

 a printer. At the same time other ranks of society 

 are represented in the history of science by Boyle, 

 Cavendish, Lavoisier. The physicians and the sons 

 of physicians have borne a particularly honorable 

 part in the advancement of physical as well as men- 

 tal science. The instinctive craving for power, the 

 will to dominate, of which Nietzsche was the lyricist, 

 was in these men subdued to patience, industry, and 

 philanthropy. The beneficent effect of their activities 

 on the health and general welfare of the masses of 

 the people bears witness to the sanity and worth of 

 the culture that prompted these activities. 



As was stated at the outset of this chapter, educa- 

 tion is the oversight and guidance of the development 

 of the immature with certain ethical and social ends 

 in view. The material of instruction, the method of 

 instruction, and the type of educational institution, 



