GENUS LILIUM. 489 



The grains vary in size; the small grains are 12 by 8n; the large, elongated forms are 60 by 30/n 

 in k'ligth and breadth; the common size is 34 by 20/u. 



Polariscopic Properties. The figure is eccentric, distinct, and often clear-cut. At times some 

 or all of its lines are broadened and not clearly outlined for at least part of their length. They 

 are frequently bisected, and sometimes even further sulidivided, and often somewhat bent and 

 variable in width, and located at varj-ing angles to one another. 



The degree of polarization is fairly high. It varies in different aspects of a grain, being higher 

 when the grains are \'iewed on end or edge. It is not so high as that of the grains of L. caiididum. 



AVith selenite the quadrants are fairly well or even quite well defined, and are irregular in shape 

 and unequal in size. The colors are generally not pure. 



Iodine Reactions. With 0.25 per cent Lugol's solution the grains are all colored a deep blue- 

 violet; with 0.125 per cent solution they color fairly deeply and the color deepens rapidly. It is not 

 quite so deep as that of the grains of L. candidum. After heating in water until all the grains are com- 

 pletely gelatinized the solution colors deeply and the swollen grains very deeply on the addition of 

 iodine. After boiling for 2 minutes the solution colors very deeply, but most of the grain-residues 

 do not color or but very lightly. The capsules are all colored a red-violet with an excess of iodine. 



Staining Reactions. With gentian violet and with safranin the grains stain very faintly at once. 

 After remaining in the solution for 30 minutes they are onl}^ lightly stained. The color is less than 

 that of L. candidum. 



Temperature Reaction. The temperature of gelatinization is 58.5 to 59.7 C, mean 59.1. 



Effects of Various Reagents. With chloral hydrate-iodine the grains begin to react at once. 

 A few are gelatinized in a minute, the majority in 3 minutes, and all in 5 minutes. Clouds of color 

 move rapidly over the grain and a protuberance frequently occurs, first at the proximal end and 

 then at the other end, or at the corners limiting the distal margin in case of the broadly triangular 

 grains. The outline of the gelatinized grain is more irregular than in L. candidum, but the reaction 

 is qualitatively the same. 



The grains begin to react at once with chromic acid and all are dissolved in 25 seconds. The 

 reaction is qualitatively the same as in the grains of L. candidum. 



Reaction with pyrogallic acid begins immediately and all the grains are dissolved in 20 seconds. 

 Bubbles are formed at the liilum. Most of the gelatinized grains are more rounded at the proximal 

 margin than those in L. candidum, and the outermost lamellar layer is often folded or involuted 

 at this region. Many of the fair-sized forms have a very small amount of starch remaining ungelat- 

 inized at the distal end. The reaction is qualitatively the same as in the grains of L. candidum. 



With ferric chloride the grains Itegin to react in 40 seconds. A few are gelatinized in 1% minutes, 

 the majority in 12 minutes, and all in 15 minutes. There is usually a flowing gelatinization move- 

 ment attended by swelling at both ends. It generally starts simultaneously at both ends, but 

 sometimes first at one end, more frequently the proximal. A bubljle or cleft appears at the hilum. 

 The gelatinized grain is much distorted, and is more irregular than in L. candidum, but the reaction 

 is qualitatively the same. 



The grains begin to react at once with Purdy's solution and all are gelatinized in 25 seconds. Bub- 

 bles usually form at the hilum. The gelatinized grains are much varied in shape, but more are rounded 

 at the proximal end than in L. candidum. The reaction is qualitatively the same as in the latter. 



STARCH OF LILIUM SUPERBUM. (Plate 23, figs. 137 and 138. Chart 108.) 



Histological Characteristics. In form the grains are simple, almost wholly isolated, and ^vithout 

 pressm-e facets. The surface is quite regular, with a few slight inequalities or rounded finger-like 

 processes from the proximal end, which are often marked at the base by a refractive line, or of large, 

 lamellated additions to the sides. The conspicuous forms are the ovoid and the narrow or broad 

 triangular with rounded angles and curved base, which may be cut off slantingly at one side; also 

 irregular!}- quadrilateral, clam-shell-shaped, rod-shaped, mussel-shell-shaped; elliptical with the distal 

 end broadened and flattened, or with both ends of the same size; and rounded or rarely nearly round. 

 The comparatively few small grains are usually round, nearly round, or elliptical in form. 



The hilum is a fairly distinct, small, rountl or elliptical cavity or spot, vnih a range of eccen- 

 tricity of one-fourth to one-six-th, usually one-fifth, of the longitudinal axis. It is sometimes marked 

 by a small, straight, transverse fissure. From both the cavity and the fissure two lines proceed 

 on each side towards the distal end. 



