GENUS LILIUM. 493 



Iodine Reactions. With 0.25 per cent Lugol's solution the grains ail color a deep blue-violet; 

 with 0.125 per cent solution they color fairly deeply and the color d(>epens rapidly. It is not so 

 deep as that of the grains of L. candidum. After heating in water until all the grains are completely 

 gelatinized, the solution is colored deeply and the gelatinized grains fairly deeply on the addition of 

 iodine. After boiling for 2 minutes, the solution is colored very deeply, and the grain-residues not 

 at all or lightly. The capsules are all colored a red-violet with an excess of iodine. 



Shrining Reactions. With gentian violet and with safranin the grains begin to stain at once, 

 and after remaining in the solution for 30 minutes are only lightly stained, not so much as in the 

 grains of L. candidum. 



Temperature Reaction. The temperature of gelatinization is 62.1 to 64.5 C, mean 63.3. 



Effects of Various Reagents. With chloral hydrate-iodine the grains begin to react at once. 

 A few are gelatinized in 1 minute, the majority in 4 minutes, and all in 7 minutes. A dark ring 

 usually appears at the hilum and clouds of rose-purple color surge quickly over the grain. One 

 or more protuberances are, as a rule, first formed at the distal margin, although later one is formed 

 at the proximal end. The gelatinized grains generally have a much-scalloped outline and are thus 

 more irregular than in L. candidum. The process is qualitatively the same as in the grains of L. 

 candidum. 



With chromic acid the grains begin to react at once and all are dissolved in 50 seconds. Bubbles 

 are not often formed at the hilum. The reaction is qualitatively the same as in the grains of L. 

 candidum. 



Reaction with pyrogallic acid begins at once and all the grains are gelatinized in a minute. 

 A bubble is not usually formed at the hilum. In some of the gelatinized grains refractive granules 

 of ungelatinized starch are observed in the substance of the grain, together with a serrated lining 

 or nmch-convoluted mass at the distal end and occasionally at the lateral margins. In the smallest 

 grains the starch ma,v be entirely gelatinized. The gelatinized grains are more varied in shape and 

 more irregular than in L. candidum, but the reaction is qualitatively the same. 



With ferric chloride the grains begin to react at once. A few are gelatinized in 3 minutes, the 

 majority in 18 minutes, and all in 23 minutes. The flowing gelatinization movement begins fre- 

 quently at the proximal end, but it may appear first at the corners limiting the distal margin or 

 along that margin. The reaction is qualitatively the same as in the grains of L. candidum. 



Reaction with Purdy's solution begins at once and all the grains are gelatinized in 30 minutes. 

 The outlines of the gelatinized grains are more irregular than in L. candidum. 



STARCH OF LILIUM PUBERULUM. (Plate 24, figs. 143 and 144. Chart 111.) 



Histological Characteristics. In form the grains are simple, almost wholly isolated, and without 

 pressure facets. The surface is often very irregular, being knobbed either near the distal end or 

 at various parts, or modified by amorphous or lamellated additions, especially to the sides or 

 distal end. The conspicuous forms are elliptical with rather narrow proximal and somewhat broad- 

 ened and flattened distal ends, rod-shaped, ovoid, and triangular with rounded angles and curved 

 base; also clam-shell-shaped and lenticular. The smaller grains include chiefly oval, elliptical, and 

 nearly round forms. 



The hilum, when not fissured, is a small, indistinct round spot, with a range of eccentricity 

 of one-sixth to one-tenth, usually about one-seventh, of the longitudinal axis. There may be 2 and 

 sometimes 3 hila in a single grain, and often fissured; several deep fissures may proceed from a 

 central cavity, or a single straight, rather short and narrow transverse line. 



The lamellce are distinct, rather fine, circles, ellipses, or arcs of circles, sometimes very irregular 

 in shape, varying somewhat in different grains and generally not so fine, but more distinct near the 

 distal end than near the hilum; but often there is not much distinction between the lamella of the 

 two locations. There are sometimes one or two smaller sets of lamellae added to the grains, about 

 36 on the larger grains. 



The grains vary in size; the smaller are 10 by 10/^; the larger, narrow elongated grains are 70 

 by 42ju, and the larger, broader elongated forms are 76 by 60^ in length and breadth. The common 

 size is 44 by 24/j. 



Polariscopic Properties. The figure is eccentric, distinct, but usually not clear-cut in all of its 

 parts. Its lines are sometimes bisected and even subtlivided into three or more parts for part of 

 their length, and are also often bent, otherwise distorted, and placed at varying angles to one another. 



