GENERA FRITILL.ARIA AND CALOCHORTUS. 



511 



Differentiation of Certain Starches of the Genus Fritillaria. Continued. 



Effects of \'arious Reagents. 



Reaction with Chloral Hydrate-Iodine. 



F. meleagris: Begins at once; complete in all in 5 minutes. 

 F. pyrenaica: Begins at once; complete in all in 7 



minutes. 

 F. pudica: Begins at once; complete in all in 5 minutes. 

 F. aurea: Begins at once; complete in all in 10 minutes. 

 F. arinena: Begins at once; complete in all in 8 minutes. 

 F imperialis var. aurora: Begins at once; complete in 



all in 12 minutes. 

 F. lUiacea: Begins at once; complete in all in 4 minutes. 

 F. recurva: Begins at once; complete in all in 12 minutes. 



Reaction ivith Chromic Acid. 



F. meleagris: Begins at once; complete in all in 15 sec- 

 onds. 



F. pyrenaica: Begins at once; complete in all in 20 seconds. 



F. pudica: Begins at once; comjilete in all in 15 seconds. 



F. aurea: Begins at once; complete in all in 25 seconds. 



F. armena: Begins at once; complete in all in 20 seconds. 



F. imperialis var. aurora: Begins at once; complete in all 

 in 60 seconds. 



F. liliacea: Begins at once; complete in all in 25 seconds. 



F. recurva: Begins at once; complete in all in 30 seconds. 



Reaction with Pyrogallic Acid. 



F. meleagris: Begins at once; complete in all in 35 seconds. 

 F. pyrenaica: Begins at once; complete in all in 90 seconds. 

 F. pudica: Begins at once; complete in aU in 20 seconds. 

 F. aurea: Begins in all in 10 seconds; complete in all in 



40 seconds. 

 F. armena: Begins in all in 20 seconds; complete in all 



in 90 seconds. 

 F. imperialis var. aurora: Begins in all in 30 seconds; 



complete in all in 150 seconds. 



Effects op Various Reagents. Continued. 



Reaction mth Pyrogallic Acid. Continued. 



F. liliacea: Begins at once; complete in all in 25 seconds. 

 F. recurva: Begins at once; complete in all in 50 seconds. 



Reaction toilh Ferric Chhride. 



F. meleagris: Begins in all in 60 seconds; complete in 



all in 11 minutes. 

 F. pyrenaica: Begins in all in 30 seconds; complete in 



all in 8 minutes. 

 F. pudica: Begins in all in 30 seconds; complete in all 



in 20 minutes. 

 F. aurea: Begins in all grains in 30 seconds; complete in 



all in 7 minutes. 

 F. armena: Begins in all grains in 90 seconds; complete 



in all in 10 minutes. 

 F. imperialis var. aurora: Begins in all in 90 seconds; 



complete in all in 13 minutes. 

 F. liliacea: Begins in all grains in 60 seconds; complete 



in all in 11 minutes. 

 F. recurva: Begins in all grains in 60 seconds; complete 



in all in 15 minutes. 



Reaction mth Purdy's Solution. 



F. meleagris: Begins at once; complete in all in 30 seconds. 

 F. pyrenaica: Begins at once ; complete in all in 30 seconds. 

 F. pudica: Begins at once; complete in all in 234 minutes. 

 F. aurea: Begins at once; complete in all in 2 minutes. 

 F. armena: Begins in some grains at once; complete in 



all in 2 J4 minutes. 

 F. imperialis var. aurora: Begins at once; in 2 minutes 



many are gelatinized; complete in nearly all in 



10 minutes. 

 F. liliacea: Begins at once; complete in all in 20 seconds. 

 F. recurva: Begins at once; complete in all in 45 seconds. 



NOTES ON THE STARCHES OF FRITILLARIA. 



The common type of grain found in the fritillary is not subjected to much modification in the 

 different species, yet sufficiently in most instances to be serviceable in the cUfferentiation of one 

 species from another modifications which, for instance, are noted in size, regularity of surface, 

 and the characters of the hilum and lamellse. In the polarization and other reactions, while there 

 is manifestly a very close correspondence to a common type of reaction curve, the curve is so modi- 

 fied in the case of each specimen that one starch can readily be differentiated from the others. The 

 differences in the reactions are noted particularly in the aniline, temperature, and chemical records, 

 some of which are quite marked. 



GENUS CALOCHORTUS. 



The genus Calochortus is the western representative of Tulipa, and comprises about 30 species 

 of cormous plants which are natives of North and Central Western America, chiefly of the United 

 States and Mexico. They are closely related to Tulipa and Fritillaria and are in general garden 

 cultivation in this country. They have been divided into two groups, including, respectivelj% the 

 star and meadow tuhps, and Mariposa tulips. Starches from 9 specimens were studied, as follows : 



Group I, the star and meadow tulips: C. albus Dough, C. maweanus var. major Hort., C. ben- 



thami Baker, and C. lilacinus Kellogg (C umbellatus Wood). 

 Group II, the Mariposa tuhps: C. nitidus Dough, C. howellii Wats., C. leichtlinii Hook., C. 



luteus var. oculatus Wats. (C. venustus var. oculatus Hort.), and C. splerulens Dougl. 



STARCH OF CALOCHORTUS ALBUS. (Plate 28, figs. 163 and 164. Chart 120.) 



Histological Characteristics. In form the grains are simple ami with rare exceptions isolated. 

 There are no pressure facets. The surface of many grains is irregular, owing to uneven develop- 

 ment of the margin and to some amorphous additions to the surface in the form of nipple-like proc- 

 esses or spicules. The conspicuous form is the ellipsoidal, with blunt ends. The distal end of a 



