566 



STARCHES OF LILIACE^. 



CI PA CA 

 PC PS 



of a large number are fairly regular. Irregularities may be due to the cutting off of rounded corners, 

 which become sharply angular; or the distal end may be cut off diagonally, so that one side of the 

 grain is much longer than the other; or modifications may occur in other ways, as in E. dens-canis. 

 The conspicuous forms are the ellipsoidal to club-shaped, ovoid, oval with distal end squared, and 

 oyster-sheIl-shaj)cd. There are a number of small, round grains, and small, flattened elliptical 

 with rounded ends. Besides the al)ovc forms there are triangular, pyriform, clam-shell-shaped, and 

 various irregular forms. 



The hilum is a round refractive sjiot, centric in small rouuil grains antl eccentric in other forms, 

 about one-fourth to one-fifth, more often one-fourth, of the longitudinal axis. There is often an 

 irregular, small cavity, or a transverse cleft at the hilum. Two longitudinal, branched fissures 

 proceeding from the hilum maj' be found in the elongated forms; or two short, ragged fissures may 

 intersect each other diagonally, forming a cross; or two 

 short fissures may curve outwards. 



The lamella are indistinct in most grains. In the 

 narrow triangular to oyster-shell tj'pe they are more dis- 

 tinct towards the distal end; while in the broader trian- 

 gular to clam-shell shape they may be fairly distinct 

 throughout; or a few coarser ones may appear midway 

 between the hilum and the distal end. 



The size of the small round grains is 4 by 'i^i, and 

 of the larger elongated forms 38 by 20^ in length antl 

 breadth. The common size of the latter is 28 by 16/i in 

 length and breadth. The size of the broad grains is 38 

 by 42/x in length and breadth. The common size is 30 by 

 26;u in length and breadth. 



Polariscopic Properties. The figure is distinct and ec- 

 centric, except in some small grains, and fairly clear-cut. 

 The lines are rather thick and frequently expand some- 

 what at the distal and proximal margins ; they are often 

 straight, but sometimes bent, and occasionally bisected. 



The degree of polarization is fair to fairh' high. It 

 varies frequently in the same aspect of a given grain. There is a greater variation than in E. dens- 

 canis, and in some of the grains it is higher than in the latter. 



With selenite the quadrants are fairly well defined, irregular in shape, and imequal in size. 

 The colors are not quite pure, the blue being pure, but the yellow not quite pure. 



Iodine Reactions. With 0.25 per cent Lugol's solution the grains color a fairly deep blue- 

 violet; with 0.125 per cent solution they color lightly and the color deepens slowly. The color is 

 lighter than that of the grains of E. dens-cani.9. After heating in water until all the grains are com- 

 pletely gelatinized, the solution colors fairly and the swollen grains verj- deeply on the addition of 

 iodine. After boiling for 2 minutes the solution colors very deeply, the grain-residues rather lightly 

 or not at all. The capsules all color a red-violet with an excess of iodine. 



Staining Reactions. With gentian violet the grains begin to color lightly at once and in 30 min- 

 utes they are lightly stained, some more than others. The color is slightly more than that of the 

 grains of E. dens-canis. 



With safranin the grains begin to color at once and in 30 minutes they are rather lightly colored. 

 The color is slightly more than that of the grains of E. dens-canis. 



Temperature Reaction. The temperature of gelatinization is 49.1 to 51.8 C, mean 50.45. 



Effects of Various Reagents. With chloral hydrate-iodine the reaction begins in all the grains 

 in 20 seconds and is over in 3^ minutes. It is the same qualitatively as that of the grains of E. 

 dens-canis. 



Reaction with chromic acid begins at once and is over in 20 seconds. It is probably the same 

 qualitatively as that of the grains of E. dens-canis. 



The reaction with pyrogaUic acid l)egins at once and is over in 25 seconds. It is probably the 

 same qualitatively as- that of the grains of E. dens-ca7iis. 



With ferric chloride the reaction begins in some grains in 15 seconds and is over in 33^2 minutes. 

 It is the same qualitatively as that of the grains of E. dens-canis. 



Curve of Reaction-Intensities of Starch of Erythronium 

 citrinum. 



